Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years

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Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years

Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years. Phone Number 01797522136, 01987073965. Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years is a short Pathology course in Bangladesh. The short form of this course is (DPA). This Pathology Course 2 Years contains 18 subjects. Total exam marks 1800. After completing this Pathology course, students can easily take a job in a diagnostic center, pathology laboratory, or pathology research laboratory in any country in the World. Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years is available in the HRTD Medical Institute. HRTD Medical Institute is an Organization of HRTD Limited, which is registered by the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.

Location of Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years

Location of Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years Training Institute. Number.01987073965. 01941123488, 01797522136. HRTD Medical Institute , Abdul Ali Madbor Mention, Section-6, Block-Kha, Road-1, Plot-11, Mirpur-10 (Gol-Chattar) Metro Rail Pilar NO-249, Dhaka-1216. It is situated by the West Side of Agrani Bank, the South Side of Fire Service, Islami Bank, Janata Bank, Social Islami Bank, Medinova, Ibrahim Diabetic Hospital, the North Side of Baitul Mamur Jame Mosjid, Grave of Baitul Mamur Jame Mosjid, and East Side of Maliha Apartment

Course Fee for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Admission Fee=16,500/-,Monthly Fee 3000×24=72,000/-,Exam Fee=1000×4=4,000/-, Total Course Fee=92,500/-.Books Fee for Every Semester 1,500/-.

Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years Admission Eligibility

Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years Admission Eligibility. Mobile Number. 01987073965. 01941123488, 01797522136. SSC or Equivalent/HSC/ Degree/ Masters from any Background (Science/ Arts/ Commerce/ Technical).

Documents for Admission in Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years

Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years in Dhaka. Mobile No: 01987-073965, 01797-522136. HRTD Medical Institute. Document Needed: Photocopy of Certificate, Photocopy of NID, Passport Size Photo 4 Pcs. Without NID, a Birth Certificate is allowed for an emergency case.

Hostel Facilities in HRTD Medical Institute

Hostel & Meal Facilities 

The Institute has hostel facilities for the students. Students can take a bed in the hostel. 

Hostel Fee Tk 3000/- Per Month

Meal Charges Tk 3000/- Per Month. ( Approximately )

হোস্টাল ও খাবার সুবিধা 

ইনস্টিটিউটে শিক্ষার্থীদের জন্য হোস্টেল সুবিধা রয়েছে। ছাত্ররা হোস্টেলে বিছানা নিতে পারে। 

হোস্টেল ফি 3000/- টাকা প্রতি মাসে,

খাবারের চার্জ 3000/- টাকা প্রতি মাসে।(প্রায়)

Teachers For Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years

1. Dr. Md. Sakulur Rahman, MBBS, CCD (BIRDEM), Course Director
2. Dr. Sanjana Binte Ahmed, BDS, MPH, Assistant Course Director
3. Dr. Tisha, MBBS, PGT Gyne, Assistant Course Director
4. Dr. Suhana, MBBS, PGT Medicine
5. Dr. Danial Hoque, MBBS, C-Card
6. Dr. Tisha, MBBS
7. Dr. Afrin Jahan, MBBS, PGT Medicine
8. Dr. Ananna, MBBS
9. Dr. Lamia Afroze, MBBS
10. Dr. Amena Afroze Anu, MBBS, PGT Gyne, Assistant Course Director
11. Dr. Farhana Antara, MBBS,
12. Dr. Nazmun Nahar Juthi, BDS, PGT
13. Dr. Farhana Sharna, MBBS
14. Dr. Bushra, MBBS
15. Dr. Turzo, MBBS
16. Dr. Kamrunnahar Keya, BDS, PGT (Dhaka Dental College)
17. Dr. Shamima, MBBS, PGT Gyne
18. Dr. Alamin, MBBS
19. Dr. Benzir Belal, MBBS
20. Dr. Disha, MBBS
21. Dr. Mahinul Islam, MBBS
22. Dr. Tisha, MBBS, PGT Medicine
23. Dr. Anika, MBBS, PGT
24. Dr. Jannatul Ferdous, MBBS, PGT Gyne
25. Dr. Jannatul Aman, MBBS, PGT
26. Dr. Rayhan, BPT
27. Dr. Abu Hurayra, BPT
28. Dr. Sharmin Ankhi, MBBS, PGT Medicine
29. Md. Monir Hossain, B Pharm, M Pharm
30. Md. Monirul Islam, B Pharm, M Pharm
31. Md. Feroj Ahmed, BSc Pathology, PDT Medicine

Subjects for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years

Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years .This Course Contains 18 Subject in 4 Semester. Mobile Number: 01987073965,01797-522136

1st Semester Subjects

1. Human Anatomy & Physiology-1
2. Pharmacology-1
3. Study of OTC Drugs
4. First Aid-1 & 2 & Practice of Medicine
5. Hematology & Pathology for Medical Practice

2nd Semester Subjects

1. General Pathology
2. Microbiology and Hematology
3. Systemic pathology
4. Biochemistry
5. Clinical Biochemistry

3rd Semester Subjects

1. Clinical Pathology

4th Semester Subjects

Practical Class for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years

1. CBC Test
2. Total Count (TC) Blood Test
3. Differential Count (DC) Blood Test
4. ESR Blood Test
5. Hemoglobin Test
6. Bleeding Time
7. Clotting Time
8. HBsAg Test
9. Dengue Test
10. Chikongunia Test
11. Liver Function Test
12. Kidney Profile Test, etc.

Some Practical Details Given Below for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years

CBC Test

A CBC (Complete Blood Count) is a common blood test that measures and evaluates your red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, providing vital information about your overall health, helping diagnose conditions like anemia, infection, inflammation, and blood disorders such as leukemia, and monitoring treatments or responses to medications. It checks cell counts, hemoglobin (oxygen-carrying protein), hematocrit (red blood cell proportion), and often includes cell size (MCV).  

What it measures

• Red Blood Cells (RBCs): Carry oxygen; includes count, hemoglobin (Hgb), and hematocrit (Hct). 
• White Blood Cells (WBCs): Fight infection; includes total count and sometimes a “differential” to see types (neutrophils, lymphocytes, etc.). 
• Platelets: Help blood clot. 
• Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV): Average size of your red blood cells. 

Why it’s done

• Routine check-up: Part of a general physical.
• Diagnose symptoms: Investigate fatigue, weakness, fever, bruising, or unexplained weight loss.
• Find infections/anemia: Detect underlying causes of illness.
• Monitor health: Track chronic conditions or treatment effects (like chemotherapy). 

How it’s done

• A healthcare professional draws a small blood sample, usually from a vein in your arm.
• The sample goes to a lab for analysis.
• It’s a quick procedure, and you can typically eat and drink normally beforehand. 

What the results mean

• Results vary by age, sex, and lab, but high or low levels can signal issues like anemia (low RBCs/Hgb), infection (high WBCs), inflammation, or blood cancers. 
• A doctor interprets the results in context with your symptoms and other tests. 

Total Count (TC) Blood Test

A Total Count (TC) blood test, usually part of a CBC (Complete Blood Count), measures the total number of White Blood Cells (WBCs) in your blood, vital for fighting infections and diseases; abnormal levels (high or low) can signal inflammation, infection, autoimmune issues, or bone marrow problems, often alongside a Differential Count (DC) that breaks down WBC types (neutrophils, lymphocytes, etc.). 

What TC (Total Count) Measures:

• Total Leukocytes (WBCs): The overall count of all types of white blood cells, also called leucocytes, in a specific volume of blood. 

Why It’s Done (Purpose):

• Detect Infections: High counts (leukocytosis) often mean your body is fighting bacteria, viruses, or parasites.
• Identify Inflammation: Can indicate chronic inflammation from conditions like arthritis or injuries.
• Diagnose Disorders: Helps detect immune system problems, bone marrow disorders, or blood cancers like leukemia.
• Monitor Health: Part of routine checks to assess general health and response to treatment. 

When It’s Recommended:

• As part of a routine checkup (CBC).
• When you have symptoms like fever, fatigue, or signs of infection.
• To investigate unexplained weight loss, autoimmune issues, or suspected blood disorders. 

Key Related Tests:

• DC (Differential Count): Breaks down the TC into percentages of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, giving more specific clues about the cause of an issue.
• ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate): Measures inflammation. 

Interpreting Results:

• High TC (Leukocytosis): Infection (bacterial/viral), inflammation, stress, tissue damage, leukemia.
• Low TC (Leukopenia): Viral infections, autoimmune diseases, bone marrow problems, certain medications (like chemotherapy). 

How It’s Done:

• A simple blood sample is drawn from a vein, usually requiring no special preparation unless done with other tests that need fastin

Differential Count (DC) Blood Test

A Differential Count (DC) blood test analyzes the different types of white blood cells (WBCs) – neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils – to help diagnose infections, inflammation, autoimmune disorders, leukemia, and allergic reactions, often as part of a Complete Blood Count (CBC). It provides crucial insights into immune system health by showing the proportion and absolute numbers of each WBC type, revealing underlying issues that a general WBC count might miss. 

What it measures

• Neutrophils: Fight bacterial infections.
• Lymphocytes: Target viruses and cancer cells (T cells, B cells).
• Monocytes: Clean up dead cells and pathogens.
• Eosinophils: Manage parasites and allergic responses.
• Basophils: Release enzymes during allergic reactions. 

Why it’s performed

• Diagnosing infections: Bacterial, viral, parasitic.
• Detecting immune system issues: Autoimmune diseases, immune disorders.
• Monitoring conditions: Inflammatory diseases, blood cancers (leukemia).
• Investigating symptoms: Fatigue, unexplained bruising, recurrent infections. 

How it works

1. A blood sample is drawn from a vein.
2. A lab technician examines a blood smear under a microscope, counting and classifying 100-200 WBCs.
3. The percentages of each WBC type are calculated and used with the total WBC count to find absolute values (e.g., Absolute Neutrophil Count) for more meaningful data. 

Preparation & Factors affecting results

• Preparation: Usually none required; fasting isn’t typically necessary.
• Influencing factors: Stress, exercise, alcohol, diet, smoking, certain medications (like steroids) can affect results. 

ESR Blood Test

An ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) blood test measures how fast red blood cells settle in a tube, indicating inflammation in the body, used with other tests to check for conditions like arthritis, infections, autoimmune diseases (lupus, IBD), and monitor treatment effectiveness. A high ESR means faster settling due to inflammation-linked proteins causing red cells to clump, but it’s non-specific, so doctors use it alongside other diagnostics to find the cause.  

What it detects

• Inflammation: The primary purpose is to detect general inflammatory activity. 
• Conditions: Helps monitor inflammatory or autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, vasculitis, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 
• Infections: Can signal underlying infections. 
• Treatment Effectiveness: Shows if treatment for inflammatory conditions is working. 

How the test works

• A blood sample is taken from your arm. 
• Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are placed in a tall, thin tube. 
• The lab measures how quickly they fall to the bottom (sediment). 
• During inflammation, proteins make red cells clump and settle faster, increasing the ESR. 

What results mean

• Elevated ESR: Suggests inflammation or infection, but not a specific disease. 
• Lower than normal ESR: Can be linked to certain conditions, but high ESR is the key sign. 
• Normal Range: Varies by age and sex (e.g., generally under 15-20 mm/hr for younger adults, higher for older adults). 

Key takeaway

• An ESR is a general indicator, not a specific diagnosis; it signals “inflammation somewhere”. 
• Doctors combine it with other tests to pinpoint the cause of inflammation

Hemoglobin Test

A hemoglobin test measures the amount of the oxygen-carrying protein (hemoglobin) in your blood, usually as part of a complete blood count (CBC) to check general health, diagnose conditions like anemia, or monitor treatment for blood disorders, with results indicating if levels are too low (anemia) or high (polycythemia). It involves a simple blood draw, often from a finger or arm, and helps assess your red blood cells’ oxygen capacity.  

What it checks

• Oxygen transport: Hemoglobin in red blood cells carries oxygen from lungs to the body.
• Red blood cell health: Provides clues about the health of your red blood cells. 

Why it’s done

• Routine checkup: As part of a CBC to assess overall health. 
• Symptom investigation: For fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, or dizziness. 
• Diagnosing conditions: To find the cause of anemia, polycythemia vera, thalassemia, or other blood disorders. 
• Monitoring: To track conditions like anemia or response to treatment, and during pregnancy or before/after surgery. 

What the results mean

• Low levels: May signal anemia (iron deficiency, chronic disease), malnutrition, or blood loss.
• High levels: Can indicate dehydration, smoking, living at high altitudes, or certain medical conditions. 

Related Hemoglobin Tests

• Hemoglobin Electrophoresis: Detects abnormal types of hemoglobin (e.g., for sickle cell disease). 
• HbA1c (Glycated Hemoglobin): Measures average blood sugar over 2-3 months, used for diabetes screening and management. 

Bleeding Time

Bleeding time (BT) measures how long it takes for a small cut to stop bleeding, assessing platelet function, with normal results typically 1 to 9 minutes, depending on the method. A prolonged bleeding time suggests issues with platelets (like low count or dysfunction) or blood vessel integrity, often requiring further tests like platelet counts or specific coagulation panels to diagnose conditions like von Willebrand’s disease or effects from antiplatelet drugs (e.g., aspirin).  

How it works

• A small incision (around 1 mm deep, 6 mm long) is made on the forearm. 
• The time for bleeding to stop spontaneously is recorded, usually by blotting the area with filter paper every 30 seconds until no more blood appears. 

Normal ranges

• Generally, 1 to 9 minutes, though ranges vary slightly by technique (e.g., 3-8 mins for Ivy method). 

What prolonged bleeding time indicates

• Platelet problems: Low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) or poor platelet function (thrombasthenia).
• Medications: Antiplatelet drugs like aspirin or clopidogrel.
• Vascular issues: Certain collagen disorders (e.g., Ehlers-Danlos syndrome).
• Conditions: von Willebrand disease, certain inherited bleeding disorders. 

Significance

• Assesses primary hemostasis (initial clot formation).
• Useful in children as it avoids venipuncture.
• Often used alongside other tests (like PT/aPTT) for a complete picture of clotting ability. 

Clotting Time

Clotting time (CT) measures how long it takes for blood to form a clot, crucial for assessing bleeding disorders like hemophilia; normal ranges vary by method (e.g., 8-15 mins for basic tube test, 30-40s for APTT, ~100-190s for Activated Clotting Time with glass activator), indicating overall clotting ability, with longer times suggesting issues with coagulation factors or platelets. 

Common Tests & Ranges

• Clotting Time (Tube Method): Blood in a tube at 37°C takes about 8-15 minutes to clot. 
• Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT): ~30-40 seconds, checks the intrinsic pathway. 
• Prothrombin Time (PT) / INR: Measures extrinsic pathway; PT ~9.5-11.8s, INR therapeutic range 2-3 for warfarin. 
• Activated Clotting Time (ACT): Used during surgery or heparin therapy; 110-190s with glass activator. 

How It Works (Basic Test)

1. A drop of blood is collected in a glass capillary tube.
2. A stopwatch starts, and the tube is broken at intervals.
3. When a fibrin thread appears, the timer stops. 

What Abnormal Results Mean

• Prolonged time: Suggests potential issues with clotting factors (like Vitamin K deficiency, liver disease) or platelet disorders.
• Shortened time: Can indicate a hypercoagulable state, increasing thrombosis risk. 

HBsAg Test

The HBsAg (Hepatitis B Surface Antigen) test is a blood test that checks for the presence of the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) by detecting a protein (antigen) on its surface, indicating an active HBV infection, whether acute or chronic, and showing contagiousness. A positive result means the person has Hepatitis B and can spread it, requiring further tests to determine if the infection is temporary (acute) or long-lasting (chronic), which can lead to serious liver issues like cancer. This test is vital for screening blood donors, pregnant women, and high-risk individuals.  

What it detects

• HBsAg (Hepatitis B Surface Antigen): A protein from the virus’s outer layer that appears in the blood early after infection, even before symptoms. 

What a positive result means

• Infection: You have an active Hepatitis B infection and are contagious. 
• Acute vs. Chronic: A positive HBsAg means the virus is present; further tests (like anti-HBs, anti-HBc) determine if it’s a short-term acute infection or a chronic carrier state (HBsAg present for over 6 months). 

Why it’s done

• To diagnose acute and chronic Hepatitis B.
• To guide treatment and management plans.
• As part of routine screening for blood donations, pregnancy, and at-risk groups. 

How it’s done

• A healthcare provider takes a blood sample, usually from a vein in your arm.
• The sample is tested in a lab using antibodies that bind to the HBsAg protein, producing a signal for a positive result. 

What to expect

• The test usually requires no special preparation. 
• You might feel a small prick from the needle. 
• A positive screening test will usually be followed by confirmatory tests by your doctor. 

Dengue Test

Dengue tests are blood tests that detect the virus or your body’s immune response, primarily using NS1 antigen tests, PCR (NAAT) for early detection (first week), and IgM/IgG antibody tests (after the first week) to confirm current or past infection, crucial for early treatment and preventing severe dengue. A doctor takes a blood sample, looking for these viral markers, often combining methods for accurate diagnosis, especially as symptoms can mimic other illnesses.  

Types of Dengue Tests

• NS1 Antigen Test: Detects the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) produced early in infection, useful within the first 1-7 days. 
• PCR (NAAT): Detects the dengue virus’s genetic material (RNA) and is highly accurate in the first week of illness. 
• Antibody Tests (IgM & IgG):
  • IgM: Detects antibodies that appear 4-5 days after symptoms start and can last for months, indicating a recent infection. 
  • IgG: Shows past exposure or later stage of current infection. 

When Tests Are Used

• Early Illness (First ~7 Days): PCR and NS1 tests are best for diagnosing active infection. 
• Later Illness (After ~5 Days): IgM/IgG antibody tests become more reliable as antibodies develop. 

What to Expect During a Test

• A healthcare professional draws blood from a vein in your arm.
• No special preparation is usually needed.
• There’s minimal risk, just potential minor pain or bruising at the needle site. 

Why Testing is Important

• Early diagnosis allows for prompt supportive care, reducing the risk of severe dengue. 
• Helps differentiate dengue from other illnesses with similar symptoms, like Zika or Chikungunya. 

Chikongunia Test

A chikungunya test detects the virus in early illness using RT-PCR (detects viral RNA) or later by finding specific antibodies (IgM/IgG) with serological tests (like ELISA), usually from a blood sample, to confirm infection, especially if you have fever and joint pain after visiting an endemic area, helping doctors diagnose and manage the disease.  

Types of Tests

• RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction): Detects the virus’s genetic material (RNA) directly in blood, best for the first few days (within 6 days) of symptoms. 
• Serological Tests (Antibody Tests): Detect antibodies your body makes against the virus.
  • IgM Antibodies: Appear after the first week and indicate a recent or current infection. 
  • IgG Antibodies: Appear later and show past or ongoing infection. 
  • Often use methods like ELISA, and positive IgM might need confirmation by a public health lab (like CDC). 

When to Get Tested

• If you develop sudden fever, severe joint pain, headache, muscle pain, or rash after traveling to areas with known chikungunya transmission.
• Early testing helps confirm diagnosis and limit spread. 

What the Test Does

• Uses a blood sample (serum).
• Identifies viral RNA or specific antibodies to confirm if you have chikungunya. 

A Liver Function Test

A Liver Function Test (LFT) is a panel of blood tests measuring liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP, GGT) and proteins (Albumin, Bilirubin, etc.) to assess liver health, check for damage or disease (like hepatitis, cirrhosis), monitor treatment, and detect medication side effects, as elevated levels can signal liver injury or dysfunction, while normal ranges suggest good function. 

What LFTs measure

• Liver Enzymes: AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, LDH; elevated levels often indicate liver cell damage or bile duct issues. 
• Proteins: Albumin (made by liver), Total Protein; low levels can show impaired liver production. 
• Bilirubin: A waste product the liver processes; high levels cause jaundice. 
• Clotting Factors: Prothrombin Time (PT/INR); prolonged time suggests the liver isn’t producing clotting proteins efficiently. 

Why they are done

• To screen for liver disease or damage.
• To monitor existing liver conditions (e.g., hepatitis, fatty liver).
• To check for side effects of medications that can harm the liver.
• To investigate symptoms like jaundice, abdominal pain, or fatigue. 

What the results mean

• Normal results: Suggest your liver is likely functioning well. 
• Abnormal results: Indicate potential issues, but the pattern helps doctors pinpoint the problem, whether it’s injury (high enzymes) or reduced function (low albumin, prolonged PT). 

Key Takeaway

LFTs provide a snapshot of liver health by checking levels of substances it produces and processes, helping doctors diagnose and manage liver conditions effectively.

Kidney Profile Test

A renal profile test (or kidney function test) is a panel of blood and sometimes urine tests that check how well your kidneys are working by measuring waste products like creatinine and BUN, electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate), and GFR (glomerular filtration rate) to diagnose kidney disease, monitor its progression, and assess treatment effectiveness. It helps detect issues with filtering waste, balancing fluids, and maintaining overall metabolic health, often before symptoms appear. 

Key Components Measured

• Creatinine: A waste product from muscle metabolism; high levels suggest poor filtration. 
• BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen): Another waste product from protein breakdown; elevated levels can signal kidney issues. 
• eGFR (Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate): Calculates how efficiently your kidneys filter blood. 
• Electrolytes: Sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, which help assess fluid and mineral balance. 
• Urine Tests: May check for albumin (protein) or blood, indicating damage. 

Why It’s Done

• Routine health checks.
• Diagnosing kidney diseases or infections.
• Monitoring chronic kidney disease (CKD).
• Evaluating treatment effectiveness.
• Screening high-risk individuals (diabetes, hypertension). 

Procedure & Preparation

• Sample: Primarily a blood draw, sometimes a urine sample. 
• Preparation: Often requires fasting for 8-10 hours beforehand, but follow your doctor’s instructions. 
• Procedure: Quick blood draw from a vein in the arm. 

What Results Indicate

• High Creatinine/BUN, Low eGFR: Impaired kidney function.
• Protein/Blood in Urine: Potential kidney damage or infection. 

Some Subject Details for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years

Anatomy & Physiology for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years

The Study of the body Structure and its function is Anatomy & Physiology. Here we discuss the systems of the human body and its organ, Tissues, and cells. The systems of the human body are the digestive system, Respiratory system, Cardiovascular system, Skeletal system, Muscular system, nervous system, Endocrine system, Immune System, Integumentary System and Urinary System.

 

Anatomy is the study of body structures and their relationships, while physiology is the study of how those structures function; they are interconnected, as form dictates function (e.g., the structure of a neuron’s axon allows it to transmit signals). Together, they explain the human body’s workings, from cells and tissues to organ systems, maintaining balance (homeostasis) through complex processes like temperature regulation, making them fundamental to medicine and health sciences.  

Anatomy (The “What” & “Where”)

• Definition: The study of the body’s physical structures, both internal and external. 
• Levels: Explores structures from microscopic (cells, tissues) to macroscopic (organs, organ systems). 
• Types: Can be gross (large structures), microscopic (histology/cytology), regional (by body area), or systemic (by body system). 

Physiology (The “How”)

• Definition: The study of the functions and processes of body parts and systems. 
• Focus: Explains how structures work together to keep the body alive, such as the circulatory system delivering oxygen or the integumentary system protecting the body. 

The Interconnection: Form Meets Function

• The principle “form fits function” is key: a structure’s anatomy enables its physiological role. 
• Example: Dendrites (anatomy) receive signals, allowing the neuron (physiology) to function as a receiver, while the axon (anatomy) transmits signals (physiology). 

Key Concepts in A&P

• Homeostasis: The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment (e.g., regulating temperature). 
• Body Systems: The interconnected network of organs (e.g., cardiovascular, nervous, integumentary) working cooperatively. 
• Anatomical Position: A standard reference posture (standing upright, palms forward) used to describe body locations universally. 

Major Systems of the Human Body

System	Main Function
Skeletal	Support & protection
Muscular	Movement
Nervous	Control & coordination
Endocrine	Hormonal regulation
Cardiovascular	Blood circulation
Respiratory	Gas exchange
Digestive	Nutrition & digestion
Urinary	Waste excretion
Reproductive	Reproduction
Integumentary	Protection & temperature control

---

Relationship Between Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy	Physiology
Structure	Function
Form	Action
Static study	Dynamic study

কয়েকটি সিস্টেম সম্পর্কে আলোচনা করা হলো:

1. Skeletal System

Function:

• Gives shape and support to the body
• Protects vital organs (brain, heart, lungs)
• Helps in body movement
• Produces blood cells in bone marrow

Main Parts:

• Bones (206 bones)
• Joints
• Cartilage

2. Muscular System

Function:

• Enables movement of the body
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat

Types of Muscles:

1. Skeletal muscle – voluntary
2. Smooth muscle – involuntary
3. Cardiac muscle – found in the heart

3. Nervous System

Function:

• Controls and coordinates body activities
• Receives and responds to stimuli
• Responsible for thinking, memory, and emotions

Main Parts:

• Brain
• Spinal cord
• Nerves

4. Cardiovascular System

Function:

• Circulates blood throughout the body
• Transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones
• Removes waste products

Main Parts:

• Heart
• Blood
• Blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)

5. Respiratory System

Function:

• Helps in breathing
• Supplies oxygen to the blood
• Removes carbon dioxide from the body

Main Parts:

• Nose
• Trachea
• Lungs
• Alveoli

6. Digestive System

Function:

• Digestion of food
• Absorption of nutrients
• Elimination of waste

Main Parts:

• Mouth
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Intestines
• Liver and pancreas

Pharmacology-1 for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years

1. Definition of Pharmacology

Pharmacology is the branch of medical science that deals with drugs, their sources, actions, uses, side effects, and mechanisms in the human body.

2. Drug – Definition

A drug is a chemical substance that is used to diagnose, prevent, treat, or cure disease.

3. Branches of Pharmacology

1. Pharmacokinetics – What the body does to the drug
2. Pharmacodynamics – What the drug does to the body
3. Pharmacotherapeutics – Use of drugs in treatment
4. Toxicology – Study of harmful effects of drugs
5. Chemotherapy – Drugs used to treat infections and cancer

4. Pharmacokinetics (ADME)

A – Absorption:
How a drug enters the bloodstream

D – Distribution:
How the drug spreads in the body

M – Metabolism:
Breakdown of drugs mainly in the liver

E – Excretion:
Removal of drugs mainly through kidneys (urine)

5. Pharmacodynamics

• Drug action and effect
• Receptor interaction
• Dose–response relationship

Example:
Paracetamol reduces pain and fever.

6. Routes of Drug Administration

• Oral (by mouth)
• Sublingual
• Intravenous (IV)
• Intramuscular (IM)
• Subcutaneous (SC)
• Topical
• Inhalation

7. Types of Drugs

• Analgesics (pain killers)
• Antibiotics
• Antipyretics (reduce fever)
• Antiseptics
• Sedatives

8. Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR)

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Allergy
• Drowsiness

9. Importance of Pharmacology for Nurses / Physiotherapists

• Safe drug administration
• Understanding drug effects
• Prevention of medication errors
• Patient education

10. Common Terms

• Dose: Amount of drug given
• Therapeutic effect: Desired effect
• Side effect: Unwanted effect
• Overdose: Excess amount of drug

Study of OTC Drugs for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years

OTC Drugs are important for all Medical Assistant Courses. These Drugs are Emergency and safe for the patients. The Study of OTC Drugs improves the quality of practice. Some OTC Drugs are Albendazole, Ascorbic Acid, Calcium, Multivitamins, Vitamin B Complex, Omeprazole, Oral Rehydration Salt, Salbutamol etc.

Definition

OTC drugs are medicines that can be purchased without a doctor’s prescription and are used for minor and self-limiting illnesses.

Purpose of OTC Drugs

• Relief of common symptoms
• Easy access to treatment
• Cost-effective healthcare
• Reduces burden on hospitals

Characteristics of OTC Drugs

• Safe when used as directed
• Low risk of serious side effects
• Clear labeling and instructions
• Suitable for self-medication

Classification of OTC Drugs

1. Analgesics & Antipyretics

Used for pain and fever.

Drug	Use
Paracetamol	Fever, mild pain
Ibuprofen	Pain, inflammation

---

2. Antacids

Used for acidity and indigestion.

Drug	Use
Aluminum hydroxide	Neutralizes acid
Magnesium hydroxide	Relieves acidity

---

3. Cough & Cold Preparations

• Antitussives – suppress cough
• Expectorants – remove mucus
• Decongestants – relieve nasal block

Examples:

• Dextromethorphan
• Guaifenesin
• Phenylephrine

4. Antihistamines

Used for allergy.

Drug	Use
Cetirizine	Allergic rhinitis
Loratadine	Urticaria

5. Antidiarrheal Drugs

Used for diarrhea.

Drug	Use
ORS	Prevents dehydration
Loperamide	Reduces bowel movement

6. Laxatives

Used for constipation.

• Bulk-forming: Isabgol
• Osmotic: Lactulose
• Stool softeners

7. Topical Preparations

Used on skin.

• Antiseptics (Povidone-iodine)
• Antifungal creams
• Pain relief gels

8. Vitamins & Minerals

• Vitamin B-complex
• Vitamin C
• Iron supplements

Dosage Forms of OTC Drugs

• Tablets
• Syrups
• Capsules
• Creams & ointments
• Drops
• Powders

Advantages of OTC Drugs

• Easily available
• Saves time & money
• Suitable for minor illnesses
• Promotes self-care

First Aid for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years

First Aid is an important subject for Medical courses including Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years,. RMP Courses, LMAF Courses, Paramedical Courses, DMA Courses, DMS Courses, Nursing Courses, Dental Courses, Pathology Courses, Physiotherapy Courses, Caregiver courses etc. Here we discuss shock, Classification Shock, causes of Shock, Stages of Shock, Clinical Features of Shock, Hypovolemic Shock, Cardiogenic Shock, Neurogenic Shock, Traumatic Shock, Burn Shock, Electric Shock, Psychogenic Shock, Anaphylactic Shock, First Aid of Shock, First Aid of cut, First Aid of Snake Bite, First Aid of Accidental Injury etc.

Definition

First Aid is the immediate and temporary care given to an injured or suddenly ill person before professional medical treatment is available.

Aims of First Aid

1. Preserve life
2. Prevent condition from worsening
3. Promote recovery

Principles of First Aid

• Stay calm
• Ensure safety of the scene
• Assess the casualty
• Call for medical help
• Provide appropriate care
• Do not give unnecessary treatment

First Aid – Primary Survey (DRABC)

Step	Meaning
D	Danger – ensure safety
R	Response – check consciousness
A	Airway – clear airway
B	Breathing – check breathing
C	Circulation – control bleeding

Basic First Aid Procedures

1. Wounds & Bleeding

• Apply direct pressure
• Elevate the injured part
• Use clean dressing
• Do not remove embedded objects

2. Burns

• Cool with running water (10–20 minutes)
• Cover with sterile dressing
• Do not apply oil or ointment
• Do not burst blisters

3. Fractures

• Immobilize the injured part
• Use splints
• Do not move unnecessarily
• Seek medical help

4. Fainting

• Lay patient flat
• Raise legs
• Loosen tight clothing
• Ensure fresh air

5. Nose Bleeding (Epistaxis)

• Sit patient upright
• Lean forward
• Pinch nostrils for 10 minutes
• Do not tilt head backward

6. Choking

• Encourage coughing
• Give back blows
• Perform abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver)

7. Poisoning

• Identify poison if possible
• Do not induce vomiting (unless instructed)
• Seek emergency care immediately

8. Snake Bite

• Keep patient calm
• Immobilize limb
• Do not cut or suck wound
• Take patient to hospital urgently

CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation)

Steps

1. Check responsiveness
2. Call emergency help
3. Start chest compressions
4. Give rescue breaths

Compression : Breath ratio = 30 : 2

First Aid Kit – Contents

• Sterile gauze
• Bandages
• Antiseptic solution
• Adhesive tape
• Scissors
• Gloves
• Pain relievers
• ORS packets

Practice of Medicine for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years

Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years for Important topics in the practice of medicine include fundamental sciences like anatomy, physiology, and pathology; core clinical subjects such as internal medicine, surgery, and pediatrics; and practical applications like pharmacology, diagnostic procedures, and patient management. Additionally, crucial areas include public health (sanitation, vaccination), family medicine (addressing a wide range of patient needs), and increasingly, community medicine (epidemiology, health indicators), and interdisciplinary fields like addiction medicine, forensic medicine, and genomic medicine. 

Definition

Practice of Medicine is the branch of medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and management of diseases in adult patients through clinical knowledge and patient care.

Objectives of Practice of Medicine

1. Diagnose diseases accurately
2. Treat and manage medical conditions
3. Prevent complications
4. Promote health and recovery
5. Provide holistic patient care

Scope of Practice of Medicine

Includes:

• History taking
• Physical examination
• Clinical diagnosis
• Investigations
• Medical management
• Follow-up care

Components of Practice of Medicine

1. History Taking

Includes:

• Chief complaints
• History of present illness
• Past medical history
• Drug history
• Family history
• Social history

2. Physical Examination

• General examination
• Systemic examination:
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Respiratory system
  • Gastrointestinal system
  • Nervous system

3. Diagnosis

• Provisional diagnosis
• Differential diagnosis
• Final diagnosis

4. Investigations

• Blood tests
• Urine tests
• X-ray
• ECG
• Ultrasound
• CT/MRI (when needed)

5. Treatment

• Drug therapy
• Dietary advice
• Lifestyle modification
• Supportive care

Common Diseases Studied in Practice of Medicine

Cardiovascular Diseases

• Hypertension
• Ischemic heart disease
• Heart failure

Respiratory Diseases

• Asthma
• COPD
• Pneumonia
• Tuberculosis

Gastrointestinal Diseases

• Peptic ulcer
• Hepatitis
• Diarrhea

Endocrine Diseases

• Diabetes mellitus
• Thyroid disorders

Neurological Diseases

• Stroke
• Epilepsy
• Parkinson’s disease

Infectious Diseases

• Malaria
• Dengue
• Typhoid
• COVID-19

Hematology for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years

Hematology is the branch of medicine focused on the study, diagnosis, and treatment of blood, blood-forming organs (like bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes), and blood disorders, including anemias, clotting issues (hemophilia), and blood cancers (leukemia, lymphoma).

What hematology covers:

• Blood Components: Red cells (oxygen), white cells (immunity), platelets (clotting), plasma, and proteins. 
• Blood-Forming Organs: Bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus. 
• Disorders: Anemia, bleeding disorders (hemophilia), clotting disorders, blood cancers, and immune issues. 
• Processes: Blood formation (hematopoiesis) and coagulation (clotting). 

Who are the specialists?

• Hematologist: A physician (often an internist or pediatrician) who diagnoses and treats patients with blood disorders, managing their care directly. 
• Hematopathologist: A pathologist who specializes in analyzing blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissues in a lab to diagnose diseases. 
• Hematology-Oncology: Many hematologists train in both areas, as blood cancers are a major focus. 

Common conditions treated:

• Anemia (e.g., sickle cell anemia)
• Bleeding & Clotting Disorders (e.g., Hemophilia, Thrombosis)
• Blood Cancers (e.g., Leukemia, Multiple Myeloma, Lymphoma)
• Immune deficiencies related to blood. 

Composition of Blood

Total blood volume ≈ 5–6 liters in adults.

A. Plasma (≈55%)

Plasma is the liquid part of blood.

Components:

1. Water (90–92%)
2. Plasma proteins
   • Albumin – maintains osmotic pressure
   • Globulin – immunity (antibodies)
   • Fibrinogen – blood clotting
3. Electrolytes – Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺
4. Nutrients – glucose, amino acids, lipids
5. Hormones & enzymes
6. Waste products – urea, creatinine

Functions of Plasma:

• Maintains blood pressure
• Transport medium
• Helps in clotting and immunity

Formed Elements of Blood

A. Red Blood Cells (RBCs / Erythrocytes)

Structure:

• Biconcave, non-nucleated
• Diameter ≈ 7.5 µm

Normal Count:

• Male: 5–6 million/mm³
• Female: 4–5 million/mm³

Hemoglobin (Hb):

• Iron-containing protein
• Carries oxygen

Life Span:

• Approximately 120 days

Functions:

• Oxygen transport
• Carbon dioxide transport
• Acid–base balance

RBC Disorders:

• Anemia – low RBC or Hb
• Polycythemia – increased RBC count

B. White Blood Cells (WBCs / Leukocytes)

Normal Count:

• 4,000–11,000/mm³

Function:

• Body defense and immunity

Types of WBCs

1. Neutrophils (60–70%)

• First line of defense
• Fight bacterial infection

2. Lymphocytes (20–30%)

• B cells – antibody production
• T cells – cell-mediated immunity

3. Monocytes (2–8%)

• Phagocytosis
• Become macrophages

4. Eosinophils (1–4%)

• Allergic reactions
• Parasitic infections

5. Basophils (0.5–1%)

• Release histamine
• Inflammation and allergy

WBC Disorders:

• Leukocytosis – increased WBC
• Leukopenia – decreased WBC
• Leukemia – cancer of blood cells

C. Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Normal Count:

• 150,000–400,000/mm³

Life Span:

• 7–10 days

Function:

• Blood clotting
• Prevention of bleeding

Disorder:

• Thrombocytopenia – low platelet count

Hemostasis (Blood Clotting)

Steps:

1. Vasoconstriction
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Coagulation
   • Fibrinogen → Fibrin (clot formation)

Importance:

• Prevents excessive blood loss

Hemoglobin (Hb) in Detail

Normal Values:

• Male: 13–18 g/dL
• Female: 12–16 g/dL

Functions:

• Oxygen transport
• Maintains blood pH

Abnormalities:

• Low Hb → anemia
• High Hb → polycythemia

Blood Groups

ABO Blood Group System

• Group A
• Group B
• Group AB
• Group O

Rh Factor

• Rh positive
• Rh negative

Importance:

• Safe blood transfusion
• Pregnancy (Rh incompatibility)

Blood Formation (Hematopoiesis)

Site:

• Bone marrow (main site)

Process:

• Stem cells → RBCs, WBCs, platelets

Clinical Importance of Hematology

• Diagnosis of anemia and infections
• Monitoring treatment response
• Blood transfusion safety
• Management of bleeding disorders

Pathology for DMS Course 2 Years

Pathology is the medical science of studying diseases—their causes, mechanisms, and effects—primarily by examining tissues, cells, and body fluids (like blood/urine) in labs to diagnose illnesses, guide treatment, and monitor health, acting as the crucial link between basic science and clinical medicine, often involving microscopic analysis of biopsies, genetic testing, and microbiology. Pathologists are doctors specializing in this lab-based diagnosis, making critical decisions for cancer, infections, and chronic diseases, even performing autopsies to understand death.

Key Aspects of Pathology

• Study of Disease: Investigates how diseases start (etiology) and develop (pathogenesis). 
• Diagnostic Focus: Analyzes samples (biopsies, blood, urine) to find abnormalities. 
• Core Disciplines: Includes histology (tissues), cytology (cells), microbiology (germs), clinical chemistry, and molecular pathology (genetics). 
• Tools & Techniques: Uses microscopes, special stains, immunological markers, and genetic tests. 
• Clinical Role: Provides vital information for surgeons, oncologists, and other clinicians to diagnose, treat, and manage conditions like cancer, infections, and autoimmune disorders. 

What Pathologists Do

• Examine Specimens: Look at tissue under a microscope for signs of cancer, inflammation, or infection. 
• Perform Tests: Analyze blood for chemical imbalances or infectious agents. 
• Consult: Work with other doctors to determine the best course of treatment. 
• Conduct Autopsies: Investigate deaths to determine cause and manner. 

Modern Advancements

• Digital Pathology: Digitizing slides for easier sharing and analysis. 
• AI in Diagnostics: Using artificial intelligence to spot patterns and improve accuracy. 
• Molecular Pathology: Analyzing DNA and RNA for targeted therapies, especially in cancer. 

1. Definition

Pathology is the branch of medical science that studies:

• The causes of disease (etiology)
• The mechanism of disease development (pathogenesis)
• The structural and functional changes in tissues and organs (morphology)
• The effects of disease on the body

বাংলা সংজ্ঞা:
প্যাথলজি হলো রোগের কারণ, বিকাশ প্রক্রিয়া, অঙ্গ–প্রত্যঙ্গে পরিবর্তন এবং দেহে তার প্রভাবের অধ্যয়ন।

2. Branches of Pathology

1. General Pathology – Study of disease processes common to all organs (e.g., inflammation, necrosis)
2. Systemic Pathology – Study of diseases of specific organs or systems (e.g., cardiovascular, respiratory)
3. Clinical Pathology – Laboratory study of blood, urine, body fluids for diagnosis
4. Forensic Pathology – Study of death, injury, and crime-related pathology
5. Molecular Pathology – Study of diseases at cellular and molecular level

3. Etiology (Causes of Disease)

• Genetic – inherited conditions (e.g., sickle cell anemia)
• Infectious – bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
• Physical – trauma, burns, radiation
• Chemical – poisons, toxins, drugs
• Nutritional – deficiency or excess (e.g., scurvy, obesity)
• Immune – autoimmune diseases

4. Pathogenesis (Mechanism of Disease)

• How the disease develops in the body
• Example: Atherosclerosis
  • Fat deposits in arteries → narrowing → reduced blood flow → heart attack

5. Morphological Changes

• Gross Changes: visible changes in organs (e.g., enlarged liver)
• Microscopic Changes: cellular changes under microscope (e.g., inflammation, necrosis)

6. Common Pathological Processes

1. Inflammation – Body’s response to injury or infection
2. Degeneration – Deterioration of cells
3. Necrosis – Cell death
4. Neoplasia – Uncontrolled cell growth (benign or malignant)
5. Hemodynamic Disorders – Bleeding, clotting, edema
6. Infections – Bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic.