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Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years Details

Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years. Mobile Number-01987073965,01797522136.Our Hotline Number-01969947171.This Course Contains 30 Subject. There are Total 8 Semester. Total exam marks 3000. The 1st Semester Contains 5 Subject Which are Human Anatomy & Physiology, Chemistry & Pharmacology, Study of OTC, First Aid & Practice Of Medicine, Hematology & Pathology. 2nd Semester Contains 5 Subject Which are Dental Anatomy & Physiology, Anatomy of Head Neck, Neuro Anatomy & Trigeminal Nerves, Dental Filling Materials, Clinical Practice In Dental Surgery.3rd Semester Contains 4 Subject Which are Dental Abscess & Treatment, Dental Pharmacology-1,2,Dental Emergency. 4th Semester also Contains 4 Subject. Which are Oral Surgery, Oral Pathology, Dental Sterilization, Periodontology.5th ,6th,7th,8th Semester contains 3 subjects of each semester. Diploma In Dental Course is available in HRTD Medical Institute.

Location of Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years

Location of Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years. MobileNumber.01987073965,01797522136. HRTD Medical Institute , Abdul Ali Madbor Mention, Section-6, Block-Kha, Road-1, Plot-11, Mirpur-10 (Gol-Chattar) Metro Rail Pilar NO-249, Dhaka-1216. It is situated by the West Side of Agrani Bank, the South Side of Fire Service, Islami Bank, Janata Bank, Social Islami Bank, Medinova, Ibrahim Diabetic Hospital, the North Side of Baitul Mamur Jame Mosjid, Grave of Baitul Mamur Jame Mosjid, and East Side of Maliha Apartment.

Course Fee for Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years

Admission Fee=30,500/-,Monthly Fee 3000×48=144,000/-,Exam Fee=3000×8=24,000/-, Total Course Fee=1,98,500/-.Books Fee for Every Semester 1,500/-.

Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years Admission Eligibility

Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years Admission Eligibility. Mobile Number. 01987073965. 01941123488, 01797522136. SSC or Equivalent/HSC/ Degree/ Masters from any Background (Science/ Arts/ Commerce/ Technical).

Documents for Admission in Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years

Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years in Dhaka. Mobile No: 01987-073965, 01797-522136. HRTD Medical Institute. Document Needed: Photocopy of Certificate, Photocopy of NID, Passport Size Photo 4 Pcs. Without NID, a Birth Certificate is allowed for an emergency case.

Teachers For Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years

1. Dr. Sanjana Binte Ahmed, BDS, MPH, Assistant Course Director
2. Dr. Nazmun Nahar Juthi, BDS, PGT
3. Dr. Md. Sakulur Rahman, MBBS, CCD (BIRDEM), Course Director
4. Dr. Suhana, MBBS, PGT Medicine
5. Dr. Kamrunnahar Keya, BDS, PGT (Dhaka Dental College)
6. Dr. Danial Hoque, MBBS, C-Card
7. Dr. Tisha, MBBS, PGT Gyne, Assistant Course Director
8. Dr. Afrin Jahan, MBBS, PGT Medicine
9. Dr. Ananna, MBBS
10. Dr. Lamia Afroze, MBBS
11. Dr. Amena Afroze Anu, MBBS, PGT Gyne, Assistant Course Director
12. Dr. Farhana Antara, MBBS,
13. Dr. Farhana Sharna, MBBS
14. Dr. Bushra, MBBS
15. Dr. Turzo, MBBS
16. Dr. Shamima, MBBS, PGT Gyne
17. Dr. Alamin, MBBS
18. Dr. Benzir Belal, MBBS
19. Dr. Disha, MBBS
20. Dr. Mahinul Islam, MBBS
21. Dr. Tisha, MBBS, PGT Medicine
22. Dr. Anika, MBBS, PGT
23. Dr. Jannatul Ferdous, MBBS, PGT Gyne
24. Dr. Jannatul Aman, MBBS, PGT
25. Dr. Rayhan, BPT
26. Dr. Abu Hurayra, BPT
27. Dr. Sharmin Ankhi, MBBS, PGT Medicine
28. Md. Monir Hossain, B Pharm, M Pharm
29. Md. Monirul Islam, B Pharm, M Pharm
30. Md. Feroj Ahmed, BSc Pathology, PDT Medicine

Hostel Facilities in HRTD Medical Institute

Hostel & Meal Facilities 

The Institute has hostel facilities for the students. Students can take a bed in the hostel. 

Hostel Fee Tk 3000/- Per Month

Meal Charges Tk 3000/- Per Month. ( Approximately )

হোস্টাল ও খাবার সুবিধা 

ইনস্টিটিউটে শিক্ষার্থীদের জন্য হোস্টেল সুবিধা রয়েছে। ছাত্ররা হোস্টেলে বিছানা নিতে পারে। 

হোস্টেল ফি 3000/- টাকা প্রতি মাসে,

খাবারের চার্জ 3000/- টাকা প্রতি মাসে।(প্রায়)

Practical Classes For Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years

1st Semester Practical Class For Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years

1. Heart Beat, Heart Rate
2. Heart Sound,Pulse
3. Blood Pressure, Hypertension, Hypotension
4. First Aid Box
5. Auscultation
6. Inhaler, Rotahaler
7. Nebulizer
8. Glucometer Blood Glucose
9. Injection I/V
10. Injection I/M
11. Cleaning, Dressing, Bandaging
12. Saline
13. CPR
14. Stitch
15. Body Temperature
16. Nasal Tube Gel ,Hand Wash
17. Blood Grouping
18. Cyanosis, Dehydration Test, Edema Test

2nd Semester Practical Class For Diploma Dental Technology Course 2 Years

1. Tooth Anatomy
2. Head Neck Bones
3. Instrument
4. Scaling
5. Diagnosis Procedure
6. Filling Materials

3rd Semester Practical Class For Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years

1. Root Canal Treatment
   • Access Cavity Open
   • Canal Shaping
   • Obturation Sealing
2. Children root canal Treatment
3. X-Ray Taking Procedure

4th Semester Practical Class For Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years

1. Crown Preparation
2. RPD Making (Denture)
3. Stitching
4. Extraction Procedure
5. Impress & Model Making

Subjects For Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years

Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years .This Course Contains 30 Subject in 8 Semester. Mobile Number: 01987073965,01797-522136

1st Semester Subjects

1. Human Anatomy & Physiology-1
2. Pharmacology-1
3. Study of OTC Drugs
4. First Aid-1 & 2 & Practice of Medicine
5. Hematology & Pathology for Medical Practice

2nd Semester Subjects

1. Dental Anatomy & Physiology
2. Anatomy of Headneck
3. Neuro Anatomy & Trigeminal Nerves
4. Dental Filling Materials
5. Clinical Practice In Dental Surgery

3rd Semester Subjects

1. Dental Abscess & Treatment
2. Community Medicine
3. Oral Surgery & Sterilization
4. Conservative Dentistry & Radiology

4th Semester Subjects

1. Dental Pharmacology 1 & 2
2. Oral Abscess & Treatment
3. Dental Emergency
4. Dental Surgery & Prosthetics

5th Semester Subjects

1. Dental Instrument & Anesthesia
2. Oral Ulcer
3. Medical Diagnosis

6th Semester Subjects

1. Oral Pain & Neurological Disorder
2. Orthodontics-1
3. Prosthodontics-1

7th Semester Subjects

1. Study of Oral X-Ray
2. Orthodontics-2
3. Prosthodontics-2

8th Semester Subjects

1. Dental Pathology & Dental Caries
2. Hypertension & Dental Surgery
3. Microbiology

Some Practical Details Given Below for Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years

Blood Pressure

Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against artery walls, measured as two numbers: systolic (when the heart beats, top number) and diastolic (when the heart rests, bottom number), written as systolic/diastolic (e.g., 120/80 mmHg). A normal reading is below 120/80 mmHg, while high blood pressure (hypertension) is typically 130/80 mmHg or higher, increasing heart disease risk. Managing blood pressure involves lifestyle changes like a healthy diet, exercise, and stress management, and sometimes medication.  

Blood Pressure Categories (for adults)

• Normal: Less than 120/80 mmHg.
• Elevated: Systolic 120-129 AND diastolic less than 80.
• High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): 130/80 mmHg or higher.
• Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension): Below 90/60 mmHg, which can cause dizziness. 

What the Numbers Mean

• Systolic (Top Number): Pressure when your heart pumps blood out.
• Diastolic (Bottom Number): Pressure when your heart rests between beats. 

Why It Matters

• High blood pressure forces your heart to work harder and damages arteries, increasing risk for heart attack, stroke, and kidney disease. 

How to Manage Blood Pressure

• Diet: Reduce salt, eat fruits, vegetables, whole grains.
• Exercise: Regular physical activity.
• Weight: Maintain a healthy weight.
• Lifestyle: Quit smoking, limit alcohol, manage stress.
• Medication: Your doctor may prescribe drugs like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, or diuretics. 

Nebulizer

A nebulizer is a medical device that turns liquid medicine into a fine mist, inhaled through a mouthpiece or mask, to deliver medication directly to the lungs for respiratory conditions like asthma, COPD, and cystic fibrosis. It works by using compressed air or ultrasonic power to aerosolize the liquid, allowing for easy breathing of the medicine over 5-15 minutes, often used when inhalers aren’t sufficient. Proper use involves sitting upright, taking slow, deep breaths, and ensuring a good seal with the mask or mouthpiece

How it works

• A compressor pushes air through tubing to a medicine cup.
• This air turns the liquid medicine into a breathable mist (aerosol).
• You inhale this mist through a connected mask or mouthpiece. 

Common uses

• Asthma
• COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
• Cystic Fibrosis
• Bronchitis and other respiratory infections 

How to use

1. Preparation: Place the nebulizer on a stable surface, connect the tubing, and add the prescribed liquid medicine to the medicine cup.
2. Positioning: Sit upright and place the mouthpiece between your teeth (with lips sealed) or fit the mask over your nose and mouth.
3. Breathing: Take slow, deep breaths for 5-15 minutes, until the mist stops and the cup sputters.
4. Aftercare: Rinse your mouth with water (especially if using steroids) and clean the equipment as directed. 

Types

• Compressor Nebulizers: Use a compressor to create air, common in homes.
• Mesh Nebulizers: Use vibrating mesh, often quieter and more portable. 

Glucometer

A glucometer (or blood glucose meter) is a small, portable medical device used to measure the concentration of sugar (glucose) in the blood, essential for managing diabetes by providing quick blood sugar readings (mg/dL or mmol/L) from a tiny blood sample (usually a fingertip prick on a test strip). It helps people with diabetes monitor their condition and guide treatment, allowing for adjustments in diet, exercise, and medication to keep glucose levels within a healthy range and prevent complications.  

How it works

1. Preparation: Wash hands and dry them thoroughly. 
2. Lancet: Use a lancing device (poker) to prick a fingertip for a small drop of blood. 
3. Test Strip: Insert a disposable test strip into the meter, or touch the strip to the blood drop as prompted. 
4. Reading: The meter reads the blood sample and displays the glucose level on its screen, often within seconds. 

Key components

• Meter: The electronic device that reads the strip. 
• Test Strips: Disposable strips with chemicals that react to glucose; specific to each meter. 
• Lancet/Lancing Device: A needle on a spring-loaded device to get the blood sample. 

Importance

• Diabetes Management: Guides daily decisions for people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. 
• Complication Prevention: Helps avoid hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). 
• Accuracy: The FDA requires meters to be accurate within 15-20% of the actual reading, but proper use (like checking strip expiration) is crucial for reliable results. 

Auscultation

Auscultation is the medical practice of listening to internal body sounds, primarily using a stethoscope, to assess the heart, lungs, intestines, and arteries for signs of health or disease, evaluating characteristics like pitch, intensity, and rhythm to diagnose conditions. Healthcare providers listen to normal sounds (like “lub-dub” of the heart, clear breath sounds) and abnormal sounds (like murmurs, wheezes, crackles) to check the circulatory, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems.  

What is listened to?

• Heart: Heart sounds (S1, S2), murmurs, and blood flow in vessels.
• Lungs: Breath sounds, identifying abnormal sounds like wheezes (musical, high/low pitch) or crackles (popping sounds).
• Abdomen: Bowel sounds (gurgles).
• Arteries: Blood flow, checking for pulses. 

How it’s done:

• Tool: Primarily a stethoscope, with its bell (low-pitched sounds) and diaphragm (high-pitched sounds). 
• Technique: Placed directly on the skin (or sometimes over clothing) in systematic patterns (e.g., side-to-side on the chest). 
• Patient Action: Often involves deep breaths through the mouth, as instructed by the provider. 

Purpose:

• To evaluate the function of the heart, lungs, and bowels. 
• To detect abnormalities (e.g., valve issues, fluid in lungs, obstructed bowels). 
• To monitor for changes during pregnancy (fetal heart sounds). 

Key sounds to know:

• Normal Heart: “Lub-dub” (closing valves).
• Abnormal Heart: Murmurs (turbulent flow).
• Normal Lung: Clear, quiet breathing sounds.
• Abnormal Lung: Crackles (fine/coarse), wheezes, rhonchi, stridor, pleural rubs. 

Cleaning

Practical cleaning involves systematic steps like decluttering, dusting from high to low, cleaning surfaces with appropriate products (like vinegar/soap mix), sanitizing, and finishing with floors (sweep/mop) and final touches, focusing on efficiency by working top-down and cleanest to dirtiest areas, using proper tools like microfiber cloths and squeegees, and incorporating daily habits to prevent buildup, as seen in professional methods and ACI and CDC guidelines. 

Practical Cleaning Steps (Professional Approach)

1. Prepare & Declutter: Clear surfaces, put away items, and gather supplies (gloves, cloths, mops).
2. Top-Down Dusting: Dust high surfaces (shelves, fixtures) first, then furniture, moving to baseboards.
3. Clean Surfaces: Use appropriate cleaners (e.g., vinegar/soap for general, specific products for glass/metal).
4. Sanitize: Apply disinfectant to high-touch areas (handles, switches) after cleaning.
5. Floors: Sweep or vacuum, then damp-mop, working from the inside out or corner to corner.
6. Final Touches: Empty trash, polish glass, and check for missed spots.

Essential Tips & Habits

• Work Methodically: Follow an “S” pattern, work from cleanest to dirtiest areas to avoid re-contaminating.
• Use the Right Tools: Microfiber cloths are great; use squeegees for glass.
• Preventative Care: Wipe spills immediately, control clutter, leave shower doors open to air dry.
• Daily Quick Tasks: Do dishes, one load of laundry, and a quick tidy-up to prevent major messes.
• DIY Cleaner: Mix equal parts water and vinegar with a squirt of dish soap for many tasks. 

Bathroom Cleaning Order (Example)

1. Clear clutter & trash.
2. Clean basin, tub, shower, then toilet.
3. Clean floor last.
4. Restock supplies (towels, soap). 

Dressing Practical

“Dressing Practical” usually refers to the essential principles and techniques for wound care, focusing on cleanliness, appropriate material selection (gauze, foam, hydrocolloids), moisture balance, and aseptic technique (handwashing, sterile gloves) to protect wounds, absorb drainage, and promote healing, often demonstrated in videos for students. It involves creating a protective barrier, managing exudate, and providing an optimal healing environment, with procedures like cleaning from inside out and using clean materials. 

Principles of Practical Wound Dressing:

• Hygiene First: Always start with thorough handwashing and wear sterile gloves if possible, changing them if they become contaminated.
• Cleanliness: Clean the wound from the “dirty” (wound) area outwards to prevent reintroducing germs, using a new piece of gauze or swab for each wipe.
• Material Selection: Choose dressings based on the wound type:
  • Gauze: Cost-effective, used for packing deeper wounds.
  • Foam: Good for absorption and cushioning.
  • Film Dressings: Transparent, good for shallow wounds, allow visual monitoring.
  • Hydrocolloids: Versatile, adhere to moist or dry skin.
• Moisture Balance: Dressings help maintain moisture for healing (re-epithelialization) but must also absorb excess drainage (exudate).
• Protection: Apply dressings to cover the wound, tape securely, and change as needed based on exudate levels.
• Documentation: Label dressings with date, time, and your initials for continuity of care. 

Practical Steps for a Simple Dressing Change:

1. Gather Supplies: Clean gloves, sterile dressing pack (gauze, outer dressing), tape, cleaning solution.
2. Prepare: Open dressing packet carefully, keep the sterile part inside.
3. Cleanse: Gently clean wound from center outwards, discard swabs.
4. Apply Dressing: Place sterile inner dressing over wound, then outer dressing.
5. Secure & Document: Tape firmly, label, and note the change. 

Bandaging

A practical bandaging involves preparing the wound (clean, dry, padded), applying the dressing, and securing it snugly but not too tightly with a roller bandage, using circular/diagonal turns (like figure-eights for joints) to cover the area, ensuring circulation isn’t cut off (check color/sensation), and securing the end with tape or a pin. Key principles include maintaining hygiene, achieving even pressure, and placing the limb in the “position of comfort”. 

Bandaging Steps & Tips

1. Prepare the Wound & Limb:
   • Clean and dry the skin; check for any breaks.
   • Apply a clean dressing (like gauze) over the wound.
   • Remove jewelry from the area if swelling is possible.
   • Position the limb comfortably (position of comfort).
   • If bleeding, apply pressure until it stops before bandaging.
2. Apply the Bandage:
   • Start with a few circular turns to secure the dressing, placing the start diagonally.
   • Continue wrapping, covering about two-thirds of the previous layer.
   • Use figure-eight patterns for joints (wrists, ankles) for stability.
   • Wrap from inner to outer, far to near, ensuring no creases.
3. Check Circulation:
   • Crucial step: After applying, squeeze a fingernail for 5 seconds; color should return within 2 seconds (capillary refill).
   • Ensure the bandage isn’t too tight (can cause swelling/circulation loss).
4. Secure the Bandage:
   • Finish with straight turns, then secure with tape, a pin, or by cutting and tying the end. 

Key Considerations

• Snug, Not Tight: Prevent shifting without cutting off circulation.
• Hygiene: Keep everything clean to prevent infection.
• Even Pressure: Distribute pressure evenly across the dressing.
• Extend Beyond Injury: Ensure the bandage covers a larger area than the wound itself. 

Dental Scaling

Dental scaling is a professional cleaning procedure that removes plaque and hardened tartar (calculus) from tooth surfaces, both above and below the gumline, to prevent gum disease and keep teeth smooth and clean. Often followed by root planing (deep cleaning) to smooth tooth roots, it uses ultrasonic tools and manual instruments to eliminate bacteria, stopping gum inflammation and preserving oral health, especially for those with periodontitis.  

What it involves:

• Scaling: Removal of plaque and tartar (calculus) from all tooth surfaces, including deep pockets around the roots. 
• Root Planing: Smoothing the tooth roots to prevent bacteria and tartar from reattaching. 
• Polishing: Smoothing the teeth after scaling to make it harder for plaque to stick. 
• Tools: Dentists use ultrasonic scalers (vibrations and water spray) and hand instruments. 
• Anesthesia: Local anesthetic may be used for deep cleanings to ensure comfort. 

Why it’s important:

• Prevents Gum Disease: Removes the buildup that causes gingivitis and periodontitis.
• Fights Bad Breath: Eliminates odor-causing bacteria.
• Preserves Teeth: Stops tartar from damaging teeth and causing tooth loss. 

Who needs it?

• People with signs of gum disease (bleeding, swollen gums). 
• Individuals with risk factors like diabetes, certain medications, or family history of gum problems. 
• Regular cleaning (scaling/polishing) is recommended every 3-6 months for most people. 

Dental Filling

A dental filling repairs a tooth damaged by decay, cracks, or wear by cleaning out the damaged part and filling the space with a durable material, restoring function and shape, with common types including tooth-colored composites (bonding), silver amalgam, gold, and porcelain, chosen based on location, strength needs, and aesthetics. The procedure involves removing decay, shaping the area, applying the material (often in layers for composites, cured with light), and polishing, preventing further decay and protecting the tooth.  

Common Types of Fillings:

• Composite Resin: Tooth-colored, bonded to the tooth, good aesthetics but may not last as long as metal. 
• Amalgam: Silver-colored, durable, and strong, often used for back teeth but less aesthetic. 
• Gold: Very durable and long-lasting, but expensive and noticeable. 
• Porcelain: Tooth-colored, very strong, often used for inlays/onlays. 
• Glass-Ionomer: Tooth-colored, releases fluoride, good for temporary fillings or small cavities. 

Why You Might Need One:

Tooth decay (cavities), Chipped or cracked teeth, and Worn teeth from grinding (bruxism) or erosion. 

The Procedure (General Steps):

1. Numbing: Local anesthetic is given for comfort, notes this YouTube video. 
2. Decay Removal: The dentist uses a drill or other tools to remove decayed tooth structure, say Laser Dental BD and this YouTube video. 
3. Cleaning & Preparation: The area is cleaned, and for composites, an etching gel and bonding agent are applied, according to this YouTube video. 
4. Filling: Material is packed or layered into the space, shaped, and hardened (with a special light for composites), say Laser Dental BD and this YouTube video. 
5. Finishing: The filling is polished, and your bite is checked, says this YouTube video. 

Aftercare:

• Expect some temporary sensitivity.
• Practice good oral hygiene (brushing, flossing) to prevent future issues. 

Some Subjects Details For Diploma In Dental 4 Years

Anatomy & Physiology for Diploma In Dental 4 Years

Anatomy is the study of the body’s structures and their physical relationships, while physiology is the study of how those structures function, forming the inseparable fields of Anatomy & Physiology (A&P), which explain what the body is and what it does, from cells to organ systems, crucial for understanding health, disease, and life itself.  

Anatomy: The Study of Structure

• Definition: Identifies and describes internal and external body parts and their arrangement. 
• Levels of Study:
  • Gross Anatomy: Large structures visible to the naked eye (e.g., organs, bones). 
  • Microscopic Anatomy: Tiny structures, including tissues (histology) and cells (cytology). 
  • Regional: By body area (e.g., head, torso). 
  • Systemic: By body system (e.g., cardiovascular, nervous). 

Physiology: The Study of Function

• Definition: Explains the processes, actions, and mechanisms of how body parts work. 
• Key Concepts:
  • Homeostasis: Maintaining stable internal conditions (e.g., body temperature, pH). 
  • Feedback Loops: Systems like negative (stabilizing) and positive (amplifying) feedback control functions. 
  • Cellular Processes: How cells create energy (ATP), transmit signals, etc. 

The Interconnection: Structure Meets Function

• Form Fits Function: A structure’s anatomy dictates its physiological role (e.g., a neuron’s axon is built to transmit signals). 
• Integrated Study: Medical professionals study A&P together to understand how the body maintains life and responds to challenges like illness. 

Examples

• Heart: Anatomy is the chambers, valves, and muscle; physiology is pumping blood. 
• Lungs: Anatomy is bronchioles and alveoli; physiology is gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out). 

Major Systems of the Human Body

System	Main Function
Skeletal	Support & protection
Muscular	Movement
Nervous	Control & coordination
Endocrine	Hormonal regulation
Cardiovascular	Blood circulation
Respiratory	Gas exchange
Digestive	Nutrition & digestion
Urinary	Waste excretion
Reproductive	Reproduction
Integumentary	Protection & temperature control

Relationship Between Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy	Physiology
Structure	Function
Form	Action
Static study	Dynamic study

কয়েকটি সিস্টেম সম্পর্কে আলোচনা করা হলো:

1. Skeletal System

Function:

• Gives shape and support to the body
• Protects vital organs (brain, heart, lungs)
• Helps in body movement
• Produces blood cells in bone marrow

Main Parts:

• Bones (206 bones)
• Joints
• Cartilage

2. Muscular System

Function:

• Enables movement of the body
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat

Types of Muscles:

1. Skeletal muscle – voluntary
2. Smooth muscle – involuntary
3. Cardiac muscle – found in the heart

3. Nervous System

Function:

• Controls and coordinates body activities
• Receives and responds to stimuli
• Responsible for thinking, memory, and emotions

Main Parts:

• Brain
• Spinal cord
• Nerves

4. Cardiovascular System

Function:

• Circulates blood throughout the body
• Transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones
• Removes waste products

Main Parts:

• Heart
• Blood
• Blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)

5. Respiratory System

Function:

• Helps in breathing
• Supplies oxygen to the blood
• Removes carbon dioxide from the body

Main Parts:

• Nose
• Trachea
• Lungs
• Alveoli

6. Digestive System

Function:

• Digestion of food
• Absorption of nutrients
• Elimination of waste

Main Parts:

• Mouth
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Intestines
• Liver and pancreas

Pharmacology-1 for Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years

1. Definition of Pharmacology

Pharmacology is the branch of medical science that deals with drugs, their sources, actions, uses, side effects, and mechanisms in the human body.

2. Drug – Definition

A drug is a chemical substance that is used to diagnose, prevent, treat, or cure disease.

3. Branches of Pharmacology

1. Pharmacokinetics – What the body does to the drug
2. Pharmacodynamics – What the drug does to the body
3. Pharmacotherapeutics – Use of drugs in treatment
4. Toxicology – Study of harmful effects of drugs
5. Chemotherapy – Drugs used to treat infections and cancer

4. Pharmacokinetics (ADME)

A – Absorption:
How a drug enters the bloodstream

D – Distribution:
How the drug spreads in the body

M – Metabolism:
Breakdown of drugs mainly in the liver

E – Excretion:
Removal of drugs mainly through kidneys (urine)

5. Pharmacodynamics

• Drug action and effect
• Receptor interaction
• Dose–response relationship

Example:
Paracetamol reduces pain and fever.

6. Routes of Drug Administration

• Oral (by mouth)
• Sublingual
• Intravenous (IV)
• Intramuscular (IM)
• Subcutaneous (SC)
• Topical
• Inhalation

7. Types of Drugs

• Analgesics (pain killers)
• Antibiotics
• Antipyretics (reduce fever)
• Antiseptics
• Sedatives

8. Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR)

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Allergy
• Drowsiness

9. Importance of Pharmacology for Nurses / Physiotherapists

• Safe drug administration
• Understanding drug effects
• Prevention of medication errors
• Patient education

10. Common Terms

• Dose: Amount of drug given
• Therapeutic effect: Desired effect
• Side effect: Unwanted effect
• Overdose: Excess amount of drug

Study of OTC Drugs for Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years

OTC Drugs are important for all Medical Assistant Courses. These Drugs are Emergency and safe for the patients. The Study of OTC Drugs improves the quality of practice. Some OTC Drugs are Albendazole, Ascorbic Acid, Calcium, Multivitamins, Vitamin B Complex, Omeprazole, Oral Rehydration Salt, Salbutamol etc.

Definition

OTC drugs are medicines that can be purchased without a doctor’s prescription and are used for minor and self-limiting illnesses.

Purpose of OTC Drugs

• Relief of common symptoms
• Easy access to treatment
• Cost-effective healthcare
• Reduces burden on hospitals

Characteristics of OTC Drugs

• Safe when used as directed
• Low risk of serious side effects
• Clear labeling and instructions
• Suitable for self-medication

Classification of OTC Drugs

1. Analgesics & Antipyretics

Used for pain and fever.

Drug	Use
Paracetamol	Fever, mild pain
Ibuprofen	Pain, inflammation

---

2. Antacids

Used for acidity and indigestion.

Drug	Use
Aluminum hydroxide	Neutralizes acid
Magnesium hydroxide	Relieves acidity

---

3. Cough & Cold Preparations

• Antitussives – suppress cough
• Expectorants – remove mucus
• Decongestants – relieve nasal block

Examples:

• Dextromethorphan
• Guaifenesin
• Phenylephrine

4. Antihistamines

Used for allergy.

Drug	Use
Cetirizine	Allergic rhinitis
Loratadine	Urticaria

5. Antidiarrheal Drugs

Used for diarrhea.

Drug	Use
ORS	Prevents dehydration
Loperamide	Reduces bowel movement

6. Laxatives

Used for constipation.

• Bulk-forming: Isabgol
• Osmotic: Lactulose
• Stool softeners

7. Topical Preparations

Used on skin.

• Antiseptics (Povidone-iodine)
• Antifungal creams
• Pain relief gels

8. Vitamins & Minerals

• Vitamin B-complex
• Vitamin C
• Iron supplements

Dosage Forms of OTC Drugs

• Tablets
• Syrups
• Capsules
• Creams & ointments
• Drops
• Powders

Advantages of OTC Drugs

• Easily available
• Saves time & money
• Suitable for minor illnesses
• Promotes self-care

First Aid For Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years

First Aid is an important subject for Medical courses Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years . RMP Courses, LMAF Courses, Paramedical Courses, DMA Courses, DMS Courses, Nursing Courses, Dental Courses, Pathology Courses, Physiotherapy Courses, Caregiver courses etc. Here we discuss shock, Classification Shock, causes of Shock, Stages of Shock, Clinical Features of Shock, Hypovolemic Shock, Cardiogenic Shock, Neurogenic Shock, Traumatic Shock, Burn Shock, Electric Shock, Psychogenic Shock, Anaphylactic Shock, First Aid of Shock, First Aid of cut, First Aid of Snake Bite, First Aid of Accidental Injury etc.

Definition

First Aid is the immediate and temporary care given to an injured or suddenly ill person before professional medical treatment is available.

Aims of First Aid

1. Preserve life
2. Prevent condition from worsening
3. Promote recovery

Principles of First Aid

• Stay calm
• Ensure safety of the scene
• Assess the casualty
• Call for medical help
• Provide appropriate care
• Do not give unnecessary treatment

First Aid – Primary Survey (DRABC)

Step	Meaning
D	Danger – ensure safety
R	Response – check consciousness
A	Airway – clear airway
B	Breathing – check breathing
C	Circulation – control bleeding

Basic First Aid Procedures

1. Wounds & Bleeding

• Apply direct pressure
• Elevate the injured part
• Use clean dressing
• Do not remove embedded objects

2. Burns

• Cool with running water (10–20 minutes)
• Cover with sterile dressing
• Do not apply oil or ointment
• Do not burst blisters

3. Fractures

• Immobilize the injured part
• Use splints
• Do not move unnecessarily
• Seek medical help

4. Fainting

• Lay patient flat
• Raise legs
• Loosen tight clothing
• Ensure fresh air

5. Nose Bleeding (Epistaxis)

• Sit patient upright
• Lean forward
• Pinch nostrils for 10 minutes
• Do not tilt head backward

6. Choking

• Encourage coughing
• Give back blows
• Perform abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver)

7. Poisoning

• Identify poison if possible
• Do not induce vomiting (unless instructed)
• Seek emergency care immediately

8. Snake Bite

• Keep patient calm
• Immobilize limb
• Do not cut or suck wound
• Take patient to hospital urgently

CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation)

Steps

1. Check responsiveness
2. Call emergency help
3. Start chest compressions
4. Give rescue breaths

Compression : Breath ratio = 30 : 2

First Aid Kit – Contents

• Sterile gauze
• Bandages
• Antiseptic solution
• Adhesive tape
• Scissors
• Gloves
• Pain relievers
• ORS packets

Practice of Medicine for Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years

Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years for Important topics in the practice of medicine include fundamental sciences like anatomy, physiology, and pathology; core clinical subjects such as internal medicine, surgery, and pediatrics; and practical applications like pharmacology, diagnostic procedures, and patient management. Additionally, crucial areas include public health (sanitation, vaccination), family medicine (addressing a wide range of patient needs), and increasingly, community medicine (epidemiology, health indicators), and interdisciplinary fields like addiction medicine, forensic medicine, and genomic medicine. 

Definition

Practice of Medicine is the branch of medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and management of diseases in adult patients through clinical knowledge and patient care.

Objectives of Practice of Medicine

1. Diagnose diseases accurately
2. Treat and manage medical conditions
3. Prevent complications
4. Promote health and recovery
5. Provide holistic patient care

Scope of Practice of Medicine

Includes:

• History taking
• Physical examination
• Clinical diagnosis
• Investigations
• Medical management
• Follow-up care

Components of Practice of Medicine

1. History Taking

Includes:

• Chief complaints
• History of present illness
• Past medical history
• Drug history
• Family history
• Social history

2. Physical Examination

• General examination
• Systemic examination:
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Respiratory system
  • Gastrointestinal system
  • Nervous system

3. Diagnosis

• Provisional diagnosis
• Differential diagnosis
• Final diagnosis

4. Investigations

• Blood tests
• Urine tests
• X-ray
• ECG
• Ultrasound
• CT/MRI (when needed)

5. Treatment

• Drug therapy
• Dietary advice
• Lifestyle modification
• Supportive care

Common Diseases Studied in Practice of Medicine

Cardiovascular Diseases

• Hypertension
• Ischemic heart disease
• Heart failure

Respiratory Diseases

• Asthma
• COPD
• Pneumonia
• Tuberculosis

Gastrointestinal Diseases

• Peptic ulcer
• Hepatitis
• Diarrhea

Endocrine Diseases

• Diabetes mellitus
• Thyroid disorders

Neurological Diseases

• Stroke
• Epilepsy
• Parkinson’s disease

Infectious Diseases

• Malaria
• Dengue
• Typhoid
• COVID-19

Hematology for Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years

Hematology is the branch of medicine focused on the study, diagnosis, and treatment of blood, blood-forming organs (like bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes), and blood disorders, including anemias, clotting issues (hemophilia), and blood cancers (leukemia, lymphoma).

What hematology covers:

• Blood Components: Red cells (oxygen), white cells (immunity), platelets (clotting), plasma, and proteins. 
• Blood-Forming Organs: Bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus. 
• Disorders: Anemia, bleeding disorders (hemophilia), clotting disorders, blood cancers, and immune issues. 
• Processes: Blood formation (hematopoiesis) and coagulation (clotting). 

Who are the specialists?

• Hematologist: A physician (often an internist or pediatrician) who diagnoses and treats patients with blood disorders, managing their care directly. 
• Hematopathologist: A pathologist who specializes in analyzing blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissues in a lab to diagnose diseases. 
• Hematology-Oncology: Many hematologists train in both areas, as blood cancers are a major focus. 

Common conditions treated:

• Anemia (e.g., sickle cell anemia)
• Bleeding & Clotting Disorders (e.g., Hemophilia, Thrombosis)
• Blood Cancers (e.g., Leukemia, Multiple Myeloma, Lymphoma)
• Immune deficiencies related to blood. 

Composition of Blood

Total blood volume ≈ 5–6 liters in adults.

A. Plasma (≈55%)

Plasma is the liquid part of blood.

Components:

1. Water (90–92%)
2. Plasma proteins
   • Albumin – maintains osmotic pressure
   • Globulin – immunity (antibodies)
   • Fibrinogen – blood clotting
3. Electrolytes – Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺
4. Nutrients – glucose, amino acids, lipids
5. Hormones & enzymes
6. Waste products – urea, creatinine

Functions of Plasma:

• Maintains blood pressure
• Transport medium
• Helps in clotting and immunity

Formed Elements of Blood

A. Red Blood Cells (RBCs / Erythrocytes)

Structure:

• Biconcave, non-nucleated
• Diameter ≈ 7.5 µm

Normal Count:

• Male: 5–6 million/mm³
• Female: 4–5 million/mm³

Hemoglobin (Hb):

• Iron-containing protein
• Carries oxygen

Life Span:

• Approximately 120 days

Functions:

• Oxygen transport
• Carbon dioxide transport
• Acid–base balance

RBC Disorders:

• Anemia – low RBC or Hb
• Polycythemia – increased RBC count

B. White Blood Cells (WBCs / Leukocytes)

Normal Count:

• 4,000–11,000/mm³

Function:

• Body defense and immunity

Types of WBCs

1. Neutrophils (60–70%)

• First line of defense
• Fight bacterial infection

2. Lymphocytes (20–30%)

• B cells – antibody production
• T cells – cell-mediated immunity

3. Monocytes (2–8%)

• Phagocytosis
• Become macrophages

4. Eosinophils (1–4%)

• Allergic reactions
• Parasitic infections

5. Basophils (0.5–1%)

• Release histamine
• Inflammation and allergy

WBC Disorders:

• Leukocytosis – increased WBC
• Leukopenia – decreased WBC
• Leukemia – cancer of blood cells

C. Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Normal Count:

• 150,000–400,000/mm³

Life Span:

• 7–10 days

Function:

• Blood clotting
• Prevention of bleeding

Disorder:

• Thrombocytopenia – low platelet count

Hemostasis (Blood Clotting)

Steps:

1. Vasoconstriction
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Coagulation
   • Fibrinogen → Fibrin (clot formation)

Importance:

• Prevents excessive blood loss

Hemoglobin (Hb) in Detail

Normal Values:

• Male: 13–18 g/dL
• Female: 12–16 g/dL

Functions:

• Oxygen transport
• Maintains blood pH

Abnormalities:

• Low Hb → anemia
• High Hb → polycythemia

Blood Groups

ABO Blood Group System

• Group A
• Group B
• Group AB
• Group O

Rh Factor

• Rh positive
• Rh negative

Importance:

• Safe blood transfusion
• Pregnancy (Rh incompatibility)

Blood Formation (Hematopoiesis)

Site:

• Bone marrow (main site)

Process:

• Stem cells → RBCs, WBCs, platelets

Clinical Importance of Hematology

• Diagnosis of anemia and infections
• Monitoring treatment response
• Blood transfusion safety
• Management of bleeding disorders

Pathology for Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years

Pathology is the medical science of studying diseases—their causes, mechanisms, and effects—primarily by examining tissues, cells, and body fluids (like blood/urine) in labs to diagnose illnesses, guide treatment, and monitor health, acting as the crucial link between basic science and clinical medicine, often involving microscopic analysis of biopsies, genetic testing, and microbiology. Pathologists are doctors specializing in this lab-based diagnosis, making critical decisions for cancer, infections, and chronic diseases, even performing autopsies to understand death.

Key Aspects of Pathology

• Study of Disease: Investigates how diseases start (etiology) and develop (pathogenesis). 
• Diagnostic Focus: Analyzes samples (biopsies, blood, urine) to find abnormalities. 
• Core Disciplines: Includes histology (tissues), cytology (cells), microbiology (germs), clinical chemistry, and molecular pathology (genetics). 
• Tools & Techniques: Uses microscopes, special stains, immunological markers, and genetic tests. 
• Clinical Role: Provides vital information for surgeons, oncologists, and other clinicians to diagnose, treat, and manage conditions like cancer, infections, and autoimmune disorders. 

What Pathologists Do

• Examine Specimens: Look at tissue under a microscope for signs of cancer, inflammation, or infection. 
• Perform Tests: Analyze blood for chemical imbalances or infectious agents. 
• Consult: Work with other doctors to determine the best course of treatment. 
• Conduct Autopsies: Investigate deaths to determine cause and manner. 

Modern Advancements

• Digital Pathology: Digitizing slides for easier sharing and analysis. 
• AI in Diagnostics: Using artificial intelligence to spot patterns and improve accuracy. 
• Molecular Pathology: Analyzing DNA and RNA for targeted therapies, especially in cancer. 

1. Definition

Pathology is the branch of medical science that studies:

• The causes of disease (etiology)
• The mechanism of disease development (pathogenesis)
• The structural and functional changes in tissues and organs (morphology)
• The effects of disease on the body

বাংলা সংজ্ঞা:
প্যাথলজি হলো রোগের কারণ, বিকাশ প্রক্রিয়া, অঙ্গ–প্রত্যঙ্গে পরিবর্তন এবং দেহে তার প্রভাবের অধ্যয়ন।

2. Branches of Pathology

1. General Pathology – Study of disease processes common to all organs (e.g., inflammation, necrosis)
2. Systemic Pathology – Study of diseases of specific organs or systems (e.g., cardiovascular, respiratory)
3. Clinical Pathology – Laboratory study of blood, urine, body fluids for diagnosis
4. Forensic Pathology – Study of death, injury, and crime-related pathology
5. Molecular Pathology – Study of diseases at cellular and molecular level

3. Etiology (Causes of Disease)

• Genetic – inherited conditions (e.g., sickle cell anemia)
• Infectious – bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
• Physical – trauma, burns, radiation
• Chemical – poisons, toxins, drugs
• Nutritional – deficiency or excess (e.g., scurvy, obesity)
• Immune – autoimmune diseases

4. Pathogenesis (Mechanism of Disease)

• How the disease develops in the body
• Example: Atherosclerosis
  • Fat deposits in arteries → narrowing → reduced blood flow → heart attack

5. Morphological Changes

• Gross Changes: visible changes in organs (e.g., enlarged liver)
• Microscopic Changes: cellular changes under microscope (e.g., inflammation, necrosis)

6. Common Pathological Processes

1. Inflammation – Body’s response to injury or infection
2. Degeneration – Deterioration of cells
3. Necrosis – Cell death
4. Neoplasia – Uncontrolled cell growth (benign or malignant)
5. Hemodynamic Disorders – Bleeding, clotting, edema
6. Infections – Bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic.

Dental Anatomy & Physiology For Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years

Dental Anatomy & Physiology studies tooth structure (enamel, dentin, pulp, cementum), parts (crown, neck, root), types (incisors, canines, premolars, molars), their shapes, functions (cutting, tearing, chewing, speech), and how teeth work together (occlusion) within the jaw and oral cavity, forming the foundation for all dental treatments. It covers tooth development, identification (nomenclature), and the supporting tissues like gums (gingiva) and bone. 

Key Components of a Tooth

• Enamel: Hardest substance, covers the crown.
• Dentin: Bulk of the tooth, under enamel and cementum, surrounds pulp.
• Pulp: Soft center with nerves and blood vessels (pulp chamber & canals).
• Cementum: Covers the root. 

Tooth Parts

• Crown: Visible part above the gum.
• Neck (Cervical Line): Where root and crown meet, attaches gums.
• Root: Anchored in the jawbone, contains root canal. 

Types of Teeth & Functions

• Incisors: Front teeth, sharp for cutting.
• Canines (Cuspids): Pointed, for gripping/tearing.
• Premolars (Bicuspids): Double cusps, for chewing.
• Molars: Broad, flat back teeth for grinding. 

Supporting Structures

• Gingiva (Gums): Soft tissue surrounding teeth.
• Alveolar Bone: Jawbone socket holding the root.
• Periodontal Ligament: Connects tooth root to bone. 

Key Concepts

• Occlusion: How teeth contact each other (function).
• Nomenclature: System for naming teeth.
• Development: Teeth form before birth, with 20 primary (baby) and 32 permanent teeth. 

Anatomy Of Head neck for Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years

The head and neck anatomy involves the bony skull housing the brain and facial structures, connected to the torso by the neck, a complex pathway for vital organs, nerves, and vessels (blood, lymph), featuring the cervical spine for support and movement, and divided into triangles (anterior/posterior) for easier understanding, containing muscles, glands (thyroid), airways (trachea), food pipe (esophagus), and sensory organs. Key components include the cranium, face, scalp, cervical vertebrae, muscles, cranial nerves, major arteries (carotid/vertebral), veins, thyroid, larynx, pharynx, tongue, and lymphatic nodes, all crucial for breathing, swallowing, speaking, and sensing the world

1. Skeletal Framework

The foundation of this region is the skull and the cervical spine. 

• The Skull: Comprised of 22 bones, divided into the neurocranium (protecting the brain) and the viscerocranium (forming the facial skeleton). Key landmarks include the mandible (lower jaw) and the zygomatic arch (cheekbones).
• Cervical Spine: Consists of seven vertebrae (C1–C7).
  • C1 (Atlas): Supports the head and allows for “yes” nodding (flexion/extension).
  • C2 (Axis): Features the dens (odontoid process) which allows for “no” shaking (rotation).
• Hyoid Bone: A U-shaped bone in the anterior neck that does not articulate with any other bone; it serves as a crucial anchor for tongue and neck muscles. 

2. Muscular Systems

Muscles in this region are categorized by their location and function. 

• Facial Expression: Small muscles like the orbicularis oculi (eye closure) and zygomaticus major (smiling) are innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII).
• Mastication (Chewing): Primarily the masseter, temporalis, and pterygoid muscles, innervated by the mandibular nerve (CN V3).
• Neck Muscles:
  • Sternocleidomastoid (SCM): A major landmark dividing the neck into anterior and posterior triangles.
  • Suprahyoid & Infrahyoid: Muscles located above and below the hyoid bone, respectively, that facilitate swallowing and speech. 

3. Compartments and Triangles

The neck is divided into clinical zones: 

• Anterior Triangle: Subdivided into submental, submandibular, carotid, and muscular triangles.
• Posterior Triangle: Contains the brachial plexus and spinal accessory nerve.
• Carotid Sheath: A deep fascial compartment containing the common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve (CN X). 

4. Neuro vasculature

• Arteries: The common carotid artery bifurcates at the C4 level into the internal carotid (supplying the brain) and external carotid (supplying the face/neck). The vertebral arteries ascend through the spine to supply the posterior brain.
• Nerves:
  • 12 Cranial Nerves: Govern special senses (vision, smell, hearing) and motor control of the head/neck.
  • Cervical Plexus (C1–C4): Provides sensory and motor innervation to the neck and diaphragm (via the phrenic nerve). 

5. Organs of the Region

• Visceral: The larynx (voice box), pharynx (throat), trachea (windpipe), and esophagus.
• Endocrine: The thyroid and parathyroid glands located in the muscular triangle.
• Lymphatics: Extensive chains of lymph nodes (Level I–VII) that drain specific head and neck regions, crucial for diagnosing infections or cancers.

Neuro Anatomy for Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years

Neuroanatomy is the study of the nervous system’s structure, mapping the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, essential for understanding functions like thought, movement, and sensation, bridging anatomy with neuroscience to diagnose neurological conditions. It involves both large-scale (macro) structures like brain lobes and microscopic (cellular) details, differentiating between the Central Nervous System (CNS: brain & spinal cord) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS: nerves connecting to body) to understand how they work together for sensory input, integration, and motor output. 

Key Components

• Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem) and spinal cord.
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves extending from the CNS, including cranial and spinal nerves.
• Macroscopic Structures: Major brain parts (lobes, gyri, sulci) and large pathways.
• Microscopic Structures: Neurons (soma, axon, dendrites) and supporting cells. 

Core Functions

• Sensory Input: Receptors detect stimuli (light, sound, touch) and send signals to CNS.
• Integration: CNS processes and combines sensory data.
• Motor Output: CNS sends commands to muscles and glands. 

Why It Matters (Clinical Relevance)

• Neurological Localization: Pinpointing disease location by correlating symptoms with specific brain areas.
• Diagnosis & Treatment: Essential for understanding stroke, spinal cord injuries, and other disorders. 

Fields of Study

• Regional Neuroanatomy: Focuses on named structures (e.g., frontal lobe).
• Cellular Neuroanatomy: Examines nerve cells and tissues.
• Connectivity: Studies neural pathways and how different regions communicate. 

Trigeminal Nerve for Diploma In Dental Course 4 Years

The trigeminal nerve (Cranial Nerve V, or CN V) is the largest cranial nerve, acting as the main sensory nerve for the face and head, providing sensation for touch, pain, and temperature, and also controlling the muscles for chewing (mastication). It has three main branches: the ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3) nerves, which cover different facial areas and structures like the eyes, sinuses, teeth, and tongue. Issues with this nerve, like trigeminal neuralgia, cause severe facial pain.  

Function

• Sensory: Carries touch, pain, and temperature sensations from the face, eyes, sinuses, teeth, and mouth to the brain. 
• Motor: Controls the muscles used for chewing (masseter, temporalis) and some other facial muscles (like the tensor veli palatini). 

Three Branches (Divisions)

1. Ophthalmic (V1): Sensory to the forehead, scalp, upper eyelid, cornea, and nasal cavity. 
2. Maxillary (V2): Sensory to the mid-face, upper jaw, upper teeth, cheeks, and nasal cavity. 
3. Mandibular (V3): Both sensory (lower jaw, teeth, tongue) and motor (chewing muscles). 

Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)

• A chronic pain condition affecting the nerve.
• Causes sudden, severe, shock-like facial pain.
• Often triggered by simple actions like brushing teeth or touching the face.
• Typically affects only one side of the face.