Diploma In Nursing 4 Years

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Diploma In Nursing Course 4 Years Details

Diploma In Nursing Course 4 Years. Details: Mobile Number-01987073965,01797522136.This Course Contains 24 Subjects. There are Total 6 Semester. The 1st Semester Contains 5 Subject Which are Human Anatomy & Physiology, Chemistry & Pharmacology, Study of OTC, First Aid & Practice Of Medicine, Hematology & Pathology. 2nd Semester Contains 5 Subject Which are Cardiovascular Nursing, Basic Orthopedic Nursing, Surgical Nursing, Clinical Nursing, Gynecological Nursing.3rd Semester Contains 4 Subjects Which are Gastro Anatomy & Physiology, Gastrological Drug & Pharmacology, Normal Delivery & Complications,. In 4th Semester There are General Nursing, Orthopedic Nursing, Pediatric Nursing, Geriatric Nursing. In 5th & 6th Semester there are 3 subjects. This Course is available in HRTD Medical Institute

Location of Diploma In Nursing 4 Years

Location of Diploma In Nursing Course 4 Years . MobileNumber.01987073965,01797522136. HRTD Medical Institute , Abdul Ali Madbor Mention, Section-6, Block-Kha, Road-1, Plot-11, Mirpur-10 (Gol-Chattar) Metro Rail Pilar NO-249, Dhaka-1216. It is situated by the West Side of Agrani Bank, the South Side of Fire Service, Islami Bank, Janata Bank, Social Islami Bank, Medinova, Ibrahim Diabetic Hospital, the North Side of Baitul Mamur Jame Mosjid, Grave of Baitul Mamur Jame Mosjid, and East Side of Maliha Apartment.

Course Fee for Diploma In Nursing Course 4 Years

Admission Fee: 30,500/-,Monthly Fee 3000×48=1,44,000/-,Exam Fee=3000×8=24,000/-, Total Course Fee=1,98,500/-.Books Fee for Every Semester 1,500/-

Diploma In Nursing Course 4 Years Admission Eligibility

Diploma In Nursing Course 4 Years Admission Eligibility. Mobile Number. 01987073965. 01941123488, 01797522136. SSC or Equivalent/HSC/ Degree/ Masters from any Background (Science/ Arts/ Commerce/ Technical).

Documents for Admission in Diploma In Nursing Course 4 Years

Diploma In Nursing Course 4 Years Course in Dhaka. Mobile No: 01987-073965, 01797-522136. HRTD Medical Institute. Document Needed: Photocopy of Certificate, Photocopy of NID, Passport Size Photo 4 Pcs. Without NID, a Birth Certificate is allowed for an emergency case.

Hostel Facilities in HRTD Medical Institute

Hostal & Meal Facilities 

The Institute has hostel facilities for the students. Students can take a bed in the hostel. 

Hostel Fee Tk 3000/- Per Month

Meal Charges Tk 3000/- Per Month. ( Approximately )

হোস্টাল ও খাবার সুবিধা 

ইনস্টিটিউটে শিক্ষার্থীদের জন্য হোস্টেল সুবিধা রয়েছে। ছাত্ররা হোস্টেলে বিছানা নিতে পারে। 

হোস্টেল ফি 3000/- টাকা প্রতি মাসে,

খাবারের চার্জ 3000/- টাকা প্রতি মাসে।(প্রায়)

Total Nursing Courses in Mirpur of HRTD Medical Institute

1. 6 Months Nursing Course
2. 1 Year Nursing Course
3. 2 Years Nursing Course
4. 3 Years Nursing Course
5. 4 Years Nursing Course

Other Nursing Courses Except for the Diploma In Nursing 4 Years. We have others nursing Courses of Duration 1 Years, 2 Years and 4 Years. These courses are more valuable and demandable not only in Bangladesh but also over the world. Nursing Course 1 Year Tk 62500/-, Nursing Course 2 Years Tk 92500/-, Nursing Course 3 Years Tk 152500/-, and Nursing Course 4 Years Tk 198500/-. Payment System: Admission Fee, Monthly Fee, and Exam Fee.

Teachers For Diploma In Nursing Course 4 Years

1. Dr. Md. Sakulur Rahman, MBBS, CCD (BIRDEM), Course Director
2. Dr. Sanjana Binte Ahmed, BDS, MPH, Assistant Course Director
3. Dr. Tisha, MBBS, PGT Gyne, Assistant Course Director
4. Dr. Suhana, MBBS, PGT Medicine
5. Dr. Danial Hoque, MBBS, C-Card
6. Dr. Tisha, MBBS
7. Dr. Afrin Jahan, MBBS, PGT Medicine
8. Dr. Ananna, MBBS
9. Dr. Lamia Afroze, MBBS
10. Dr. Amena Afroze Anu, MBBS, PGT Gyne, Assistant Course Director
11. Dr. Farhana Antara, MBBS,
12. Dr. Nazmun Nahar Juthi, BDS, PGT
13. Dr. Farhana Sharna, MBBS
14. Dr. Bushra, MBBS
15. Dr. Turzo, MBBS
16. Dr. Kamrunnahar Keya, BDS, PGT (Dhaka Dental College)
17. Dr. Shamima, MBBS, PGT Gyne
18. Dr. Alamin, MBBS
19. Dr. Benzir Belal, MBBS
20. Dr. Disha, MBBS
21. Dr. Mahinul Islam, MBBS
22. Dr. Tisha, MBBS, PGT Medicine
23. Dr. Anika, MBBS, PGT
24. Dr. Jannatul Ferdous, MBBS, PGT Gyne
25. Dr. Jannatul Aman, MBBS, PGT
26. Dr. Rayhan, BPT
27. Dr. Abu Hurayra, BPT
28. Dr. Sharmin Ankhi, MBBS, PGT Medicine
29. Md. Monir Hossain, B Pharm, M Pharm
30. Md. Monirul Islam, B Pharm, M Pharm
31. Md. Feroj Ahmed, BSc Pathology, PDT Medicine

Practical Classes For Diploma In Nursing Course 4 Years

1. Heart Beat, Heart Rate
2. Heart Sound,Pulse
3. Blood Pressure, Hypertension, Hypotension
4. First Aid Box
5. Auscultation
6. Inhaler, Rotahaler
7. Nebulizer
8. Glucometer Blood Glucose
9. Injection I/V
10. Injection I/M
11. Cleaning,Dressing,Bandaging
12. Saline
13. CPR
14. Stitch
15. Body Temperature
16. Nasal Tube Gel ,Hand Wash
17. Blood Grouping
18. Cyanosis, Dehydration Test, Edema Test

Subjects for Diploma In Nursing Course 4 Years

Diploma In Nursing Course 4 Years . This Course Contains 24 Subject in 6 Semester. Mobile Number: 01987073965,01797-522136. Hotline- 019699-47171.

1st Semester Subjects

1. Human Anatomy & Physiology-1
2. Pharmacology-1
3. Study of OTC Drugs
4. First Aid-1 & 2 & Practice of Medicine
5. Hematology & Pathology for Medical Practice

2nd Semester Subjects

1. Cardiovascular Nursing & Clinical Nursing
2. Surgical Nursing
3. Cardiovascular Drugs
4. General Nursing
5. Orthopedic Nursing

3rd Semester Subjects

1. Gastro Anatomy & Physiology
2. Gastrological Drug & Pharmacology
3. Normal Delivery & Complications
4. Menstrual Complications

4th Semester Subjects

1. Geriatric Nursing
2. Common Childhood Disease
3. Abortion/Misscariage
4. Reproductive Anatomy

5th Semester Subjects

1. Gastro Intestinal Nursing
2. Medical Diagnosis
3. Food & Nutrition

6th Semester Subjects

1. Pediatric Nursing-1
2. Nursing in Dermatology
3. Pregnancy & Lactation Care

7th Semester Subjects

8th Semester Subjects

Some Practical Class Details Given Below for Diploma In Nursing Course 4 Years

Blood Pressure Practical

Blood pressure is recorded as two numbers, such as 120/80. The larger number is the pressure in the arteries as the heart pumps out blood during each beat. This is called the systolic blood pressure. The lower number is the pressure as the heart relaxes before the next beat.

Systolic BP / Diastolic BP
Example: 120/80 mmHg

Types of Blood Pressure

1. Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)

• Pressure during ventricular contraction (systole)
• Normal: 120 mmHg

2. Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)

• Pressure during ventricular relaxation (diastole)
• Normal: 80 mmHg

Normal Blood Pressure Values (Adults)

Category	Systolic (mmHg)	Diastolic (mmHg)
Normal	90–120	60–80
Pre-Hypertension	121–139	81–89
Hypertension Stage 1	140–159	90–99
Hypertension Stage 2	≥160	≥100
Hypotension	<90	<60

Abnormal Blood Pressure

1. Hypertension

Persistently elevated BP

Causes:

• Primary (essential)
• Secondary (renal, endocrine)

Complications:

• Stroke
• Heart attack
• Kidney failure
• Retinopathy

2. Hypotension

Low blood pressure

Causes:

• Dehydration
• Blood loss
• Shock
• Heart failure

Symptoms:

• Dizziness
• Fainting
• Weak pulse

Heart Beat Practical For Diploma In Nursing Course 4 Years

Definition

A heart beat is one complete cycle of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart.

• Each beat pumps blood to the body
• Controlled by the cardiac conduction system

Heart Rate (HR)

Definition

Heart Rate is the number of heart beats per minute (bpm).

Example:

• 72 beats/minute = normal adult resting heart rate

Normal Heart Rate Values

Adults

• 60–100 bpm

Children

• 70–120 bpm

Infants

• 120–160 bpm

Athletes

• 40–60 bpm (normal due to strong heart)

Types of Heart Rate

1. Tachycardia

• HR > 100 bpm
• Causes: fever, exercise, stress, anemia

2. Bradycardia

• HR < 60 bpm
• Causes: athletes, hypothermia, heart block

Auscultation Practical For Diploma In Nursing Course 4 Years

Auscultation is the medical practice of listening to the internal sounds of the body, primarily using a stethoscope, to assess the heart, lungs, intestines, and arteries for diagnostic purposes, identifying normal sounds versus abnormalities like murmurs or wheezing. Healthcare providers listen for sound characteristics like pitch, timing, and quality to help diagnose conditions in the respiratory, circulatory, and digestive systems, making it a crucial, non-invasive part of a physical exam.  

How it works

• Tool: A stethoscope with a diaphragm (for higher frequencies) and bell (for lower frequencies) is used. 
• Procedure: Providers place the stethoscope on the skin of the chest, back, or abdomen, listening for specific sounds. 
• Systems Assessed:
  • Heart: To check heartbeats, murmurs, and rhythms. 
  • Lungs: To hear breath sounds, detecting wheezing, crackles, or other issues. 
  • Abdomen (Bowel): To listen for bowel sounds (peristalsis). 
  • Arteries: To detect turbulent blood flow (bruits). 

What providers listen for

• Frequency & Pitch: How high or low the sounds are (e.g., high-pitched wheezes vs. low-pitched rhonchi). 
• Intensity & Duration: How loud and long the sounds are. 
• Quality: Describing sounds (e.g., musical, harsh, blowing). 
• Timing: When sounds occur in the respiratory or cardiac cycle (e.g., early/late inspiratory crackles). 

Why it’s important

• Provides quick, non-invasive insights into organ function.
• Helps differentiate normal body sounds from signs of disease.
• Guides further diagnostic tests like X-rays or blood work. 

Inhaler Practical For Diploma In Nursing Course 4 Years

Using an inhaler (like a Metered-Dose Inhaler or MDI) involves shaking it, breathing out fully away from the device, placing the mouthpiece to your lips, breathing in slowly and deeply while pressing the canister, holding your breath, then breathing out gently, with steps repeating if needed, and always checking your technique with a healthcare provider for different types like Dry Powder Inhalers (DPIs). A spacer is recommended for MDIs to improve medicine delivery.  

General Steps for a Metered-Dose Inhaler (MDI) (Puffer)

1. Prepare: Remove cap, check for debris, shake well. 
2. Position: Stand or sit straight, tilt chin up slightly. 
3. Breathe Out: Breathe out slowly and fully, away from the inhaler. 
4. Seal & Inhale: Place mouthpiece in mouth, seal lips tightly, press the canister as you begin to breathe in slowly and deeply. 
5. Hold Breath: Hold your breath for 5-10 seconds (or as long as comfortable). 
6. Breathe Out: Remove inhaler, breathe out gently away from it. 
7. Repeat (if needed): Wait 15-30 seconds, shake, and repeat steps 3-6 for the second puff. 
8. Finish: Replace the cap and rinse your mouth (especially with steroid inhalers). 

Using with a Spacer (Recommended for MDIs)

1. Attach inhaler to spacer, shake, and place mouthpiece in mouth, sealing lips. 
2. Press the canister and breathe in slowly and steadily for several breaths (tidal breathing), or one long breath and hold, as instructed. 
3. Remove from mouth, wait a minute if another puff is needed, then repeat. 

Key Differences & Tips

• Dry Powder Inhalers (DPIs): Don’t use with spacers; you breathe in rapidly and deeply to pull the powder in. 
• Check Technique: Have a doctor or pharmacist check your use regularly. 
• Listen for Clicks/Whistles: Some spacers make sounds if you breathe too fast. 
• Dose Counter: Pay attention to dose counters on your device

Rotahaler Practical For Diploma In Nursing Course 4 Years

The Rotahaler is a device used to deliver dry powder medications directly to the lungs to manage chronic respiratory conditions such as asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (Sources 0.1.1, 0.1.2). 

Primary Uses

The Rotahaler is a breath-actuated dry powder inhaler (DPI) that delivers precise doses of medication from a capsule (known as a “Rotacap”) to provide relief from symptoms and long-term control of airway inflammation. 

Specific uses and benefits include:

• Managing Symptoms: It helps alleviate symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness by opening up the breathing tubes in the lungs.
• Targeted Delivery: The device allows medication to reach deep into the lungs for faster and more effective results, minimizing systemic side effects compared to oral medications.
• Preventative Care: It can be prescribed for acute prophylaxis against exercise-induced asthma.
• Ease of Use: The simple “insert, rotate, inhale” operation makes it user-friendly for self-administration and ensures consistent dosing with pre-measured capsules.
• Portability: Its compact, lightweight design makes it convenient to use at home or while traveling. 

Important Considerations

• Prescription Required: The device itself requires a prescription, and the specific medication (e.g., salbutamol, budesonide/formoterol combination) used in the Rotacaps must be prescribed by a healthcare professional.
• Proper Technique is Crucial: Correct inhalation technique is essential to ensure the medication reaches the lungs effectively. Patients should receive proper training and re-demonstration from their doctor or pharmacist to maximize the medication’s benefit.
• Not for Acute Attacks: Some medications administered via Rotahaler are for maintenance therapy and should not be used as a rescue inhaler for sudden, severe asthma attacks unless explicitly directed by a doctor.
• Rinse Mouth: If the Rotacap contains a steroid, users should rinse and gargle their mouth with water and spit it out after each use to prevent oral infections. 

Always consult with a doctor or pharmacist for guidance on the specific medication and correct usage technique for your condition.

Nebulizer Practical for Diploma In Nursing Course 3 Years

Definition

A nebulizer is a medical device that converts liquid medicine into a fine mist (aerosol) so that it can be inhaled directly into the lungs.

Purpose of Nebulizer

• To deliver medicine directly to the respiratory tract
• Useful when patients cannot use inhalers properly
• Provides quick relief in breathing problems

Common Uses

• Asthma
• COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
• Bronchitis
• Pneumonia
• Acute respiratory distress
• Wheezing in children
• Emergency shortness of breath

Types of Nebulizer

1. Jet Nebulizer

• Uses compressed air
• Most commonly used
• Affordable

2. Ultrasonic Nebulizer

• Uses ultrasonic vibrations
• Quiet operation
• Faster drug delivery

3. Mesh Nebulizer

• Uses vibrating mesh
• Portable
• Efficient and expensive

Parts of a Nebulizer

1. Air compressor
2. Nebulizer cup (medicine chamber)
3. Mouthpiece or face mask
4. Tubing

Common Drugs Used in Nebulization

• Salbutamol (Albuterol) – bronchodilator
• Ipratropium bromide
• Budesonide
• Normal saline
• Antibiotics (in some cases)

Procedure of Nebulization

1. Wash hands
2. Measure prescribed medicine
3. Pour medicine into nebulizer cup
4. Connect tubing to compressor
5. Place mask/mouthpiece properly
6. Switch on the machine
7. Patient breathes slowly and deeply
8. Continue until mist stops (5–10 minutes)
9. Clean equipment after use

Advantages

• Easy to use
• Suitable for children and elderly
• Direct action on lungs
• Less systemic side effects

Disadvantages

• Bulky (except portable types)
• Requires electricity
• Longer time than inhalers

Side Effects

• Tremors
• Palpitations
• Dry mouth
• Throat irritation
• Rare allergic reactions

Glucometer Blood Glucose Practical For Diploma In Nursing Course 3 Years

A glucometer (blood sugar meter) is a portable medical device that measures the amount of sugar (glucose) in a drop of blood, essential for managing diabetes by helping you see how food, exercise, and medicine affect your levels, typically using a finger prick and a test strip to get a reading in mg/dL or mmol/L within seconds. To use, you prick your finger (after washing hands), touch the blood to a test strip, and the meter displays your blood sugar level, guiding treatment and preventing complications. 

How it Works

1. Prepare: Wash hands, insert a test strip into the meter (this turns it on).
2. Lancet: Prepare a lancet device, setting the depth and loading it.
3. Prick: Firmly press the lancet on the side of your fingertip and squeeze a small blood drop.
4. Apply Blood: Touch the drop to the edge of the test strip.
5. Read: The meter counts down and displays the glucose level (e.g., 80-130 mg/dL is a common target before meals). 

Key Things to Know

• Purpose: To manage diabetes by tracking glucose levels, preventing highs (hyperglycemia) and lows (hypoglycemia).
• Components: A handheld meter, disposable test strips, and lancets.
• Accuracy: Store strips properly (sealed, room temp) and check expiration dates; a small drop of blood is needed.
• When to Use: People with diabetes use them multiple times daily to guide treatment. 

Target Ranges (General Guidelines)

• Before Meals (Preprandial): 80-130 mg/dL.
• After Meals (Postprandial): Less than 180 mg/dL (2 hours after starting to eat). 

By monitoring these numbers, you and your healthcare

Saline Practical For Diploma In Nursing Course 3 Years

Saline (saltwater) is used medically for hydration, wound ning, eye/nasal irrigation, and as an IV fluid to treat dehydration or blood loss, while also being vital for contact lens care, dissolving mucus, and diluting medications, serving as a safe, sterile, and versatile solution for various bodily needs. 

Common Uses

• Hydration & IV Therapy: Replaces fluids and electrolytes lost due to dehydration, vomiting, or hemorrhage; treats shock, metabolic alkalosis, and during/after surgery.
• Wound Care: Cleans cuts, scrapes, and body cavities to remove debris and prevent infection.
• Nasal Care: Relieves congestion, dryness, and flushes out mucus using saline nasal sprays or rinses.
• Eye Care: Rinses foreign particles from eyes and is used for cleaning and storing contact lenses.
• Medication: Acts as a diluent (mixing agent) for other drugs, especially for intravenous administration.
• Piercings: Cleans new piercing sites to prevent infection. 

Other Applications

• Medical Equipment: Cleans medical devices like catheters and drainage tubes.
• First Aid: A staple in first-aid kits for cleaning minor injuries.
• Research: Used in biological and molecular research (e.g., Phosphate-Buffered Saline). 

Types & Considerations

• Normal Saline (0.9%): The most common type, isotonic (same salt concentration as the body).
• Concentrated Saline: Used in specific medical situations.
• Risks: Large volumes can cause fluid overload, swelling, or high blood sodium; excessive use in chronically low-sodium individuals can be dangerous. 

Injection Practical For Diploma In Nursing Course 3 Years

Injections are widely used in medicine for various purposes, including delivering medications, vaccines, and fluids directly into the body’s tissues or bloodstream. They are a vital administration method, particularly when rapid absorption is needed or the substance cannot be taken orally. 

Common Medical Uses

• Vaccinations and Immunizations: Most vaccines (e.g., flu, MMR, chickenpox) are administered via injection to provide immunity against diseases.
• Medication Delivery: Injections are used to deliver a wide range of medications, especially those that are ineffective if absorbed through the digestive system. Examples include:
  • Insulin: Used daily by people with diabetes for blood sugar control.
  • Antibiotics: To treat severe bacterial infections in various parts of the body.
  • Hormones: Such as testosterone or hormonal contraceptives.
  • Corticosteroids: To reduce inflammation and treat conditions like arthritis, severe allergies, and lupus.
  • Pain Management: Pain relievers (analgesics) can be injected for moderate to severe pain, including during or after surgery or childbirth.
  • Blood Thinners: Medications like heparin are often administered subcutaneously.
  • Chemotherapy: Certain cancer treatments are given intravenously.
• Fluid and Nutritional Support: Intravenous injections or infusions are used to provide hydration, electrolytes, or complete nutrition (parenteral nutrition) to patients who cannot eat or drink adequately.
• Diagnostics and Testing: Injections are used for diagnostic purposes, such as:
  • Tuberculosis (TB) screening: Injections into the top layer of skin to check for a reaction.
  • Allergy testing: To identify specific allergens by observing a localized reaction.
  • Imaging tests: Injecting contrast dye to enhance the visibility of tissues and organs during scans.
• Emergency Situations: In emergencies, injections can provide immediate effects. For example, an epinephrine auto-injector is used for severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis). Intraosseous injections (into the bone marrow) are a critical way to administer fluids and medications rapidly when intravenous access is difficult.
• Localized Treatments: Injections can target specific areas for localized effects, such as joint injections for arthritis pain or intracavernous injections for erectile dysfunction. 

Types of Injections by Administration Route

The type of injection used depends on the required absorption rate and the specific medication. 

• Intravenous (IV): Delivered directly into a vein for the fastest effect, as the substance immediately enters the bloodstream.
• Intramuscular (IM): Administered deep into muscle tissue, which has a rich blood supply for quick absorption.
• Subcutaneous (SC or sub-Q): Injected into the fatty layer just beneath the skin, allowing for slower, sustained absorption.
• Intradermal (ID): Given into the dermis, the top layer of the skin, resulting in the longest absorption time; commonly used for sensitivity tests. 

Some Subject Details for Diploma In Nursing Course 4 Years

Human Anatomy & Physiology for Diploma In Nursing Course 4 Years

The Study of the body Structure and its function is Anatomy & Physiology. Here we discuss the systems of the human body and its organ, Tissues, and cells. The systems of the human body are the digestive system, Respiratory system, Cardiovascular system, Skeletal system, Muscular system, nervous system, Endocrine system, Immune System, Integumentary System and Urinary System.

1. Anatomy

Definition

Anatomy is the branch of science that studies the structure of the human body and the relationship between body parts.

Anatomy deals with “what the body is made of and where the parts are.”

Branches of Anatomy

1. Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy
   • Study of structures visible to naked eye
   • Example: heart, lungs, bones
2. Microscopic Anatomy
   • Study of structures seen under microscope
   • Includes:
     • Histology – study of tissues
     • Cytology – study of cells
3. Developmental Anatomy
   • Study of growth from fertilization to adulthood
   • Includes embryology
4. Regional Anatomy
   • Study of specific regions (head & neck, thorax)
5. Systemic Anatomy
   • Study of body systems (digestive, respiratory, etc.)
6. Clinical Anatomy
   • Application of anatomy in diagnosis and treatment

2. Physiology

Definition

Physiology is the branch of science that studies the functions of the human body and how body parts work.

Physiology deals with “how the body works.”

Branches of Physiology

1. Cell Physiology
2. Systemic Physiology
   • Cardiovascular physiology
   • Respiratory physiology
   • Renal physiology
   • Nervous system physiology
3. Neurophysiology
4. Endocrine Physiology
5. Pathophysiology
   • Study of functional changes in disease

3. Levels of Organization of the Human Body

1. Chemical level (atoms, molecules)
2. Cellular level
3. Tissue level
4. Organ level
5. System level
6. Organism level

4. Basic Tissues of the Body

1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscle tissue
4. Nervous tissue

5. Major Systems of the Human Body

System	Main Function
Skeletal	Support & protection
Muscular	Movement
Nervous	Control & coordination
Endocrine	Hormonal regulation
Cardiovascular	Blood circulation
Respiratory	Gas exchange
Digestive	Nutrition & digestion
Urinary	Waste excretion
Reproductive	Reproduction
Integumentary	Protection & temperature control

---

6. Relationship Between Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy	Physiology
Structure	Function
Form	Action
Static study	Dynamic study

কয়েকটি সিস্টেম সম্পর্কে আলোচনা করা হলো:

1. Skeletal System

Function:

• Gives shape and support to the body
• Protects vital organs (brain, heart, lungs)
• Helps in body movement
• Produces blood cells in bone marrow

Main Parts:

• Bones (206 bones)
• Joints
• Cartilage

2. Muscular System

Function:

• Enables movement of the body
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat

Types of Muscles:

1. Skeletal muscle – voluntary
2. Smooth muscle – involuntary
3. Cardiac muscle – found in the heart

3. Nervous System

Function:

• Controls and coordinates body activities
• Receives and responds to stimuli
• Responsible for thinking, memory, and emotions

Main Parts:

• Brain
• Spinal cord
• Nerves

4. Cardiovascular System

Function:

• Circulates blood throughout the body
• Transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones
• Removes waste products

Main Parts:

• Heart
• Blood
• Blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)

5. Respiratory System

Function:

• Helps in breathing
• Supplies oxygen to the blood
• Removes carbon dioxide from the body

Main Parts:

• Nose
• Trachea
• Lungs
• Alveoli

6. Digestive System

Function:

• Digestion of food
• Absorption of nutrients
• Elimination of waste

Main Parts:

• Mouth
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Intestines
• Liver and pancreas

Pharmacology-1 for Diploma In Nursing Course 4 Years

1. Definition of Pharmacology

Pharmacology is the branch of medical science that deals with drugs, their sources, actions, uses, side effects, and mechanisms in the human body.

2. Drug – Definition

A drug is a chemical substance that is used to diagnose, prevent, treat, or cure disease.

3. Branches of Pharmacology

1. Pharmacokinetics – What the body does to the drug
2. Pharmacodynamics – What the drug does to the body
3. Pharmacotherapeutics – Use of drugs in treatment
4. Toxicology – Study of harmful effects of drugs
5. Chemotherapy – Drugs used to treat infections and cancer

4. Pharmacokinetics (ADME)

A – Absorption:
How a drug enters the bloodstream

D – Distribution:
How the drug spreads in the body

M – Metabolism:
Breakdown of drugs mainly in the liver

E – Excretion:
Removal of drugs mainly through kidneys (urine)

5. Pharmacodynamics

• Drug action and effect
• Receptor interaction
• Dose–response relationship

Example:
Paracetamol reduces pain and fever.

6. Routes of Drug Administration

• Oral (by mouth)
• Sublingual
• Intravenous (IV)
• Intramuscular (IM)
• Subcutaneous (SC)
• Topical
• Inhalation

7. Types of Drugs

• Analgesics (pain killers)
• Antibiotics
• Antipyretics (reduce fever)
• Antiseptics
• Sedatives

8. Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR)

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Allergy
• Drowsiness

9. Importance of Pharmacology for Nurses / Physiotherapists

• Safe drug administration
• Understanding drug effects
• Prevention of medication errors
• Patient education

10. Common Terms

• Dose: Amount of drug given
• Therapeutic effect: Desired effect
• Side effect: Unwanted effect
• Overdose: Excess amount of drug

Study of OTC Drugs for Diploma In Nursing Course 4 Years

OTC Drugs are important for all Medical Assistant Courses. These Drugs are Emergency and safe for the patients. The Study of OTC Drugs improves the quality of practice. Some OTC Drugs are Albendazole, Ascorbic Acid, Calcium, Multivitamins, Vitamin B Complex, Omeprazole, Oral Rehydration Salt, Salbutamol etc.

Definition

OTC drugs are medicines that can be purchased without a doctor’s prescription and are used for minor and self-limiting illnesses.

Purpose of OTC Drugs

• Relief of common symptoms
• Easy access to treatment
• Cost-effective healthcare
• Reduces burden on hospitals

Characteristics of OTC Drugs

• Safe when used as directed
• Low risk of serious side effects
• Clear labeling and instructions
• Suitable for self-medication

Classification of OTC Drugs

1. Analgesics & Antipyretics

Used for pain and fever.

Drug	Use
Paracetamol	Fever, mild pain
Ibuprofen	Pain, inflammation

---

2. Antacids

Used for acidity and indigestion.

Drug	Use
Aluminum hydroxide	Neutralizes acid
Magnesium hydroxide	Relieves acidity

---

3. Cough & Cold Preparations

• Antitussives – suppress cough
• Expectorants – remove mucus
• Decongestants – relieve nasal block

Examples:

• Dextromethorphan
• Guaifenesin
• Phenylephrine

4. Antihistamines

Used for allergy.

Drug	Use
Cetirizine	Allergic rhinitis
Loratadine	Urticaria

5. Antidiarrheal Drugs

Used for diarrhea.

Drug	Use
ORS	Prevents dehydration
Loperamide	Reduces bowel movement

6. Laxatives

Used for constipation.

• Bulk-forming: Isabgol
• Osmotic: Lactulose
• Stool softeners

7. Topical Preparations

Used on skin.

• Antiseptics (Povidone-iodine)
• Antifungal creams
• Pain relief gels

8. Vitamins & Minerals

• Vitamin B-complex
• Vitamin C
• Iron supplements

Dosage Forms of OTC Drugs

• Tablets
• Syrups
• Capsules
• Creams & ointments
• Drops
• Powders

Advantages of OTC Drugs

• Easily available
• Saves time & money
• Suitable for minor illnesses
• Promotes self-care

First Aid For Diploma In Nursing Course 4 Years

First Aid is an important subject for Medical courses including Diploma In Nursing Assistant,. RMP Courses, LMAF Courses, Paramedical Courses, DMA Courses, DMS Courses, Nursing Courses, Dental Courses, Pathology Courses, Physiotherapy Courses, Caregiver courses etc. Here we discuss shock, Classification Shock, causes of Shock, Stages of Shock, Clinical Features of Shock, Hypovolemic Shock, Cardiogenic Shock, Neurogenic Shock, Traumatic Shock, Burn Shock, Electric Shock, Psychogenic Shock, Anaphylactic Shock, First Aid of Shock, First Aid of cut, First Aid of Snake Bite, First Aid of Accidental Injury etc.

Definition

First Aid is the immediate and temporary care given to an injured or suddenly ill person before professional medical treatment is available.

Aims of First Aid

1. Preserve life
2. Prevent condition from worsening
3. Promote recovery

Principles of First Aid

• Stay calm
• Ensure safety of the scene
• Assess the casualty
• Call for medical help
• Provide appropriate care
• Do not give unnecessary treatment

First Aid – Primary Survey (DRABC)

Step	Meaning
D	Danger – ensure safety
R	Response – check consciousness
A	Airway – clear airway
B	Breathing – check breathing
C	Circulation – control bleeding

Basic First Aid Procedures

1. Wounds & Bleeding

• Apply direct pressure
• Elevate the injured part
• Use clean dressing
• Do not remove embedded objects

2. Burns

• Cool with running water (10–20 minutes)
• Cover with sterile dressing
• Do not apply oil or ointment
• Do not burst blisters

3. Fractures

• Immobilize the injured part
• Use splints
• Do not move unnecessarily
• Seek medical help

4. Fainting

• Lay patient flat
• Raise legs
• Loosen tight clothing
• Ensure fresh air

5. Nose Bleeding (Epistaxis)

• Sit patient upright
• Lean forward
• Pinch nostrils for 10 minutes
• Do not tilt head backward

6. Choking

• Encourage coughing
• Give back blows
• Perform abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver)

7. Poisoning

• Identify poison if possible
• Do not induce vomiting (unless instructed)
• Seek emergency care immediately

8. Snake Bite

• Keep patient calm
• Immobilize limb
• Do not cut or suck wound
• Take patient to hospital urgently

CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation)

Steps

1. Check responsiveness
2. Call emergency help
3. Start chest compressions
4. Give rescue breaths

Compression : Breath ratio = 30 : 2

First Aid Kit – Contents

• Sterile gauze
• Bandages
• Antiseptic solution
• Adhesive tape
• Scissors
• Gloves
• Pain relievers
• ORS packets

Practice of Medicine for Diploma In Nursing Course 4 Years

Diploma In Nursing Assistant Course 2 Years for Important topics in the practice of medicine include fundamental sciences like anatomy, physiology, and pathology; core clinical subjects such as internal medicine, surgery, and pediatrics; and practical applications like pharmacology, diagnostic procedures, and patient management. Additionally, crucial areas include public health (sanitation, vaccination), family medicine (addressing a wide range of patient needs), and increasingly, community medicine (epidemiology, health indicators), and interdisciplinary fields like addiction medicine, forensic medicine, and genomic medicine. 

Definition

Practice of Medicine is the branch of medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and management of diseases in adult patients through clinical knowledge and patient care.

Objectives of Practice of Medicine

1. Diagnose diseases accurately
2. Treat and manage medical conditions
3. Prevent complications
4. Promote health and recovery
5. Provide holistic patient care

Scope of Practice of Medicine

Includes:

• History taking
• Physical examination
• Clinical diagnosis
• Investigations
• Medical management
• Follow-up care

Components of Practice of Medicine

1. History Taking

Includes:

• Chief complaints
• History of present illness
• Past medical history
• Drug history
• Family history
• Social history

2. Physical Examination

• General examination
• Systemic examination:
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Respiratory system
  • Gastrointestinal system
  • Nervous system

3. Diagnosis

• Provisional diagnosis
• Differential diagnosis
• Final diagnosis

4. Investigations

• Blood tests
• Urine tests
• X-ray
• ECG
• Ultrasound
• CT/MRI (when needed)

5. Treatment

• Drug therapy
• Dietary advice
• Lifestyle modification
• Supportive care

Common Diseases Studied in Practice of Medicine

Cardiovascular Diseases

• Hypertension
• Ischemic heart disease
• Heart failure

Respiratory Diseases

• Asthma
• COPD
• Pneumonia
• Tuberculosis

Gastrointestinal Diseases

• Peptic ulcer
• Hepatitis
• Diarrhea

Endocrine Diseases

• Diabetes mellitus
• Thyroid disorders

Neurological Diseases

• Stroke
• Epilepsy
• Parkinson’s disease

Infectious Diseases

• Malaria
• Dengue
• Typhoid
• COVID-19

Hematology for Diploma In Nursing Course 4 Years

Hematology is the branch of medicine focused on the study, diagnosis, and treatment of blood, blood-forming organs (like bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes), and blood disorders, including anemias, clotting issues (hemophilia), and blood cancers (leukemia, lymphoma).

What hematology covers:

• Blood Components: Red cells (oxygen), white cells (immunity), platelets (clotting), plasma, and proteins. 
• Blood-Forming Organs: Bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus. 
• Disorders: Anemia, bleeding disorders (hemophilia), clotting disorders, blood cancers, and immune issues. 
• Processes: Blood formation (hematopoiesis) and coagulation (clotting). 

Who are the specialists?

• Hematologist: A physician (often an internist or pediatrician) who diagnoses and treats patients with blood disorders, managing their care directly. 
• Hematopathologist: A pathologist who specializes in analyzing blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissues in a lab to diagnose diseases. 
• Hematology-Oncology: Many hematologists train in both areas, as blood cancers are a major focus. 

Common conditions treated:

• Anemia (e.g., sickle cell anemia)
• Bleeding & Clotting Disorders (e.g., Hemophilia, Thrombosis)
• Blood Cancers (e.g., Leukemia, Multiple Myeloma, Lymphoma)
• Immune deficiencies related to blood. 

Composition of Blood

Total blood volume ≈ 5–6 liters in adults.

A. Plasma (≈55%)

Plasma is the liquid part of blood.

Components:

1. Water (90–92%)
2. Plasma proteins
   • Albumin – maintains osmotic pressure
   • Globulin – immunity (antibodies)
   • Fibrinogen – blood clotting
3. Electrolytes – Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺
4. Nutrients – glucose, amino acids, lipids
5. Hormones & enzymes
6. Waste products – urea, creatinine

Functions of Plasma:

• Maintains blood pressure
• Transport medium
• Helps in clotting and immunity

Formed Elements of Blood

A. Red Blood Cells (RBCs / Erythrocytes)

Structure:

• Biconcave, non-nucleated
• Diameter ≈ 7.5 µm

Normal Count:

• Male: 5–6 million/mm³
• Female: 4–5 million/mm³

Hemoglobin (Hb):

• Iron-containing protein
• Carries oxygen

Life Span:

• Approximately 120 days

Functions:

• Oxygen transport
• Carbon dioxide transport
• Acid–base balance

RBC Disorders:

• Anemia – low RBC or Hb
• Polycythemia – increased RBC count

B. White Blood Cells (WBCs / Leukocytes)

Normal Count:

• 4,000–11,000/mm³

Function:

• Body defense and immunity

Types of WBCs

1. Neutrophils (60–70%)

• First line of defense
• Fight bacterial infection

2. Lymphocytes (20–30%)

• B cells – antibody production
• T cells – cell-mediated immunity

3. Monocytes (2–8%)

• Phagocytosis
• Become macrophages

4. Eosinophils (1–4%)

• Allergic reactions
• Parasitic infections

5. Basophils (0.5–1%)

• Release histamine
• Inflammation and allergy

WBC Disorders:

• Leukocytosis – increased WBC
• Leukopenia – decreased WBC
• Leukemia – cancer of blood cells

C. Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Normal Count:

• 150,000–400,000/mm³

Life Span:

• 7–10 days

Function:

• Blood clotting
• Prevention of bleeding

Disorder:

• Thrombocytopenia – low platelet count

Hemostasis (Blood Clotting)

Steps:

1. Vasoconstriction
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Coagulation
   • Fibrinogen → Fibrin (clot formation)

Importance:

• Prevents excessive blood loss

Hemoglobin (Hb) in Detail

Normal Values:

• Male: 13–18 g/dL
• Female: 12–16 g/dL

Functions:

• Oxygen transport
• Maintains blood pH

Abnormalities:

• Low Hb → anemia
• High Hb → polycythemia

Blood Groups

ABO Blood Group System

• Group A
• Group B
• Group AB
• Group O

Rh Factor

• Rh positive
• Rh negative

Importance:

• Safe blood transfusion
• Pregnancy (Rh incompatibility)

Blood Formation (Hematopoiesis)

Site:

• Bone marrow (main site)

Process:

• Stem cells → RBCs, WBCs, platelets

Clinical Importance of Hematology

• Diagnosis of anemia and infections
• Monitoring treatment response
• Blood transfusion safety
• Management of bleeding disorders

Pathology for Diploma In Nursing Course 4 Years

Pathology is the medical science of studying diseases—their causes, mechanisms, and effects—primarily by examining tissues, cells, and body fluids (like blood/urine) in labs to diagnose illnesses, guide treatment, and monitor health, acting as the crucial link between basic science and clinical medicine, often involving microscopic analysis of biopsies, genetic testing, and microbiology. Pathologists are doctors specializing in this lab-based diagnosis, making critical decisions for cancer, infections, and chronic diseases, even performing autopsies to understand death.

Key Aspects of Pathology

• Study of Disease: Investigates how diseases start (etiology) and develop (pathogenesis). 
• Diagnostic Focus: Analyzes samples (biopsies, blood, urine) to find abnormalities. 
• Core Disciplines: Includes histology (tissues), cytology (cells), microbiology (germs), clinical chemistry, and molecular pathology (genetics). 
• Tools & Techniques: Uses microscopes, special stains, immunological markers, and genetic tests. 
• Clinical Role: Provides vital information for surgeons, oncologists, and other clinicians to diagnose, treat, and manage conditions like cancer, infections, and autoimmune disorders. 

What Pathologists Do

• Examine Specimens: Look at tissue under a microscope for signs of cancer, inflammation, or infection. 
• Perform Tests: Analyze blood for chemical imbalances or infectious agents. 
• Consult: Work with other doctors to determine the best course of treatment. 
• Conduct Autopsies: Investigate deaths to determine cause and manner. 

Modern Advancements

• Digital Pathology: Digitizing slides for easier sharing and analysis. 
• AI in Diagnostics: Using artificial intelligence to spot patterns and improve accuracy. 
• Molecular Pathology: Analyzing DNA and RNA for targeted therapies, especially in cancer. 

1. Definition

Pathology is the branch of medical science that studies:

• The causes of disease (etiology)
• The mechanism of disease development (pathogenesis)
• The structural and functional changes in tissues and organs (morphology)
• The effects of disease on the body

বাংলা সংজ্ঞা:
প্যাথলজি হলো রোগের কারণ, বিকাশ প্রক্রিয়া, অঙ্গ–প্রত্যঙ্গে পরিবর্তন এবং দেহে তার প্রভাবের অধ্যয়ন।

2. Branches of Pathology

1. General Pathology – Study of disease processes common to all organs (e.g., inflammation, necrosis)
2. Systemic Pathology – Study of diseases of specific organs or systems (e.g., cardiovascular, respiratory)
3. Clinical Pathology – Laboratory study of blood, urine, body fluids for diagnosis
4. Forensic Pathology – Study of death, injury, and crime-related pathology
5. Molecular Pathology – Study of diseases at cellular and molecular level

3. Etiology (Causes of Disease)

• Genetic – inherited conditions (e.g., sickle cell anemia)
• Infectious – bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
• Physical – trauma, burns, radiation
• Chemical – poisons, toxins, drugs
• Nutritional – deficiency or excess (e.g., scurvy, olbesity)
• Immune – autoimmune diseases.,

4. Pathogenesis (Mechanism of Disease)

• How the disease develops in the body
• Example: Atherosclerosis
  • Fat deposits in arteries → narrowing → reduced blood flow → heart attack

5. Morphological Changes

• Gross Changes: visible changes in organs (e.g., enlarged liver)
• Microscopic Changes: cellular changes under microscope (e.g., inflammation, necrosis)

6. Common Pathological Processes

1. Inflammation – Body’s response to injury or infection
2. Degeneration – Deterioration of cells
3. Necrosis – Cell death
4. Neoplasia – Uncontrolled cell growth (benign or malignant)
5. Hemodynamic Disorders – Bleeding, clotting, edema
6. Infections – Bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic.

Cardiovascular Nursing for Diploma In Nursing Course 4 Years

Cardiovascular Nursing involves the heart (a four-chambered pump), blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood, forming circuits to deliver oxygen/nutrients and remove waste, divided into pulmonary (heart-lungs) and systemic (heart-body) loops, crucial for body function. Key structures include the atria (receiving chambers), ventricles (pumping chambers), four valves (tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic) controlling flow, and major vessels like the aorta, vena cavae, and pulmonary arteries/veins, all working to circulate life-sustaining blood. 

The Heart: The Central Pump

• Chambers: Four chambers: Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle.
• Valves: Four one-way valves ensure proper blood flow: Tricuspid, Pulmonary, Mitral (Bicuspid), Aortic.
• Septum: Muscular walls separating the right and left sides (interatrial and interventricular septum). 

Blood Vessels: The Network 

• Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (e.g., Aorta, Pulmonary Artery).
• Veins: Return deoxygenated blood to the heart (e.g., Vena Cavae, Pulmonary Veins).
• Capillaries: Tiny vessels connecting arterioles and venules, where nutrient/gas exchange occurs. 

The Two Circuits

1. Pulmonary Circulation: Right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to get oxygen, then back to the left heart.
2. Systemic Circulation: Left side pumps oxygenated blood to the body’s tissues, and deoxygenated blood returns to the right heart. 

Blood Flow Through the Heart (Simplified)

1. Deoxygenated blood enters Right Atrium (from Vena Cavae).
2. Right Atrium to Right Ventricle (through Tricuspid Valve).
3. Right Ventricle to Lungs (through Pulmonary Valve & Artery).
4. Oxygenated blood returns to Left Atrium (from Pulmonary Veins).
5. Left Atrium to Left Ventricle (through Mitral Valve).
6. Left Ventricle pumps to the body (through Aortic Valve & Aorta). 

Orthopedic Nursing for Diploma In Nursing Course 4 Years

Orthopedic anatomy is the study of the musculoskeletal system, the complex network of tissues that provides the body with structure, support, and the ability to move. This field forms the foundation of orthopedic surgery and physical therapy, focusing on how these components interact to withstand stress and perform mechanical work.

Core Components of the Musculoskeletal System

The orthopedic system is comprised of several distinct types of tissue, each with specific structural roles: 

• Bones: The adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones. They provide the rigid framework for the body and protect internal organs.
• Joints: There are approximately 230 joints in the adult body where two or more bones meet. They are classified by their movement type, such as hinge (elbow), ball-and-socket (hip/shoulder), or saddle (thumb).
• Muscles: The body contains roughly 640 skeletal muscles. These voluntary muscles contract to pull on bones, facilitating movement.
• Ligaments: Dense bands of fibrous tissue that connect bone to bone, providing stability to joints.
• Tendons: Fibrous cords that connect muscle to bone, transmitting the force of muscle contraction to move the skeleton.
• Cartilage: A smooth, resilient tissue that covers the ends of bones at joints (articular cartilage) to reduce friction. 

Anatomical Regions in Orthopedics

Orthopedists often specialize in specific regions due to their complex anatomical requirements: 

• Upper Limb: Includes the shoulder, arm (humerus), forearm (radius/ulna), and the intricate bones of the hand and wrist.
• Lower Limb: Encompasses the hip, thigh (femur), knee, leg (tibia/fibula), and the foot and ankle.
• Spine: Focuses on the vertebrae, intervertebral discs, and the spinal cord, which are critical for axial stability and neurological health. 

Clinical Significance

Understanding these structures is essential for diagnosing and treating common orthopedic conditions: 

• Fractures: Breaks in the bone, often described by their location (e.g., distal, proximal) and displacement.
• Sprains vs. Strains: A sprain refers to an injury of a ligament (bone-to-bone), while a strain refers to an injury of a muscle or tendon (muscle-to-bone).
• Arthritis: The degradation of articular cartilage, leading to pain and reduced joint mobility.