Related Articles

Diploma In Nursing 4 Years

2 days ago

Medical Terminology

3 days ago

Physiotherapy Products for Sales

3 weeks ago

Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course Details

Post Diploma Training in Cardiology. Mobile No: 01797-522136,01987-073965.Hotline:01969947171. Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Courses are PDT-Cardiology Course 6 Months, PDT-Cardiology Course 1 Year, PDT Cardiology Course 2 Years. 6 Months Course Fee 35,500/-, 1 Years Course Fee 70,500/-, 2 Years Course Fee 1,30,500/-.

Location of Post Diploma Training in Cardiology

Post Diploma Training in . Mobile Number.01987073965.01797522136,HotLine-01969947171 HRTD Medical Institute , Abdul Ali Madbor Mention, Section-6, Block-Kha, Road-1, Plot-11, Mirpur-10 (Gol-Chattar) Metro Rail Pilar NO-249, Dhaka-1216. It is situated by the West Side of Agrani Bank, the South Side of Fire Service, Islami Bank, Janata Bank, Social Islami Bank, Medinova, Ibrahim Diabetic Hospital, the North Side of Baitul Mamur Jame Mosjid, Grave of Baitul Mamur Jame Mosjid, and East Side of Maliha Apartment.

Hostel Facilities in HRTD Medical Institute

Hostel & Meal Facilities 

The Institute has hostel facilities for the students. Students can take a bed in the hostel. 

Hostel Fee Tk 3000/- Per Month

Meal Charges Tk 3000/- Per Month. ( Approximately )

হোস্টাল ও খাবার সুবিধা 

ইনস্টিটিউটে শিক্ষার্থীদের জন্য হোস্টেল সুবিধা রয়েছে। ছাত্ররা হোস্টেলে বিছানা নিতে পারে। 

হোস্টেল ফি 3000/- টাকা প্রতি মাসে,

খাবারের চার্জ 3000/- টাকা প্রতি মাসে।(প্রায়)

Course Fee for Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course 6 Months

Course Fee for Post Diploma Training in Cardiology 6 Months at HRTD Medical Institute. Admission Fee=15,500/-,Monthly Fee 3000×6=18,000/-,Exam Fee=2000, Total Course Fee=35,500/-.This Course Contains 4 Subjects .Exam Mark 400.

Course Fee for Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course 1 Year

Course Fee for Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course 1 Year at HRTD Medical Institute. Admission Fee=20,500/-,Monthly Fee 3500×12=42,000/-,Exam Fee=4000×2=8000, Total Course Fee=70,500/-.This Course Contains 8 Subjects .Exam Mark 800.

Course Fee for Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course 2 Years

Course Fee for Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course 2 Years at HRTD Medical Institute. Admission Fee=30,500/-,Monthly Fee 3500 x 24=84,000/-,Exam Fee=4000×4=16,000, Total Course. Fee=1,30,500/-.This Course Contains 16 Subjects .Exam Mark 1600.

Subjects for Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course 6 Months

This 6 Months Course contains 4 subjects. Mobile No: 01987073965.01797522136,HotLine-01969947171

1. Cardiovascular Anatomy & Physiology
2. Cardiovascular Drugs & Pharmacology
3. Management of Hypertension & Hypotension
4. Coronary circulation & Conductive system

Subjects for Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course 1 Year

This 1 Year Course contains 8 subjects. Mobile No: 01987073965.01797522136,HotLine-01969947171

1st Semester

1. Cardiovascular Anatomy & Physiology
2. Cardiovascular Drugs & Pharmacology
3. Management of Hypertension & Hypotension
4. Coronary circulation & Conductive system

2nd Semester

1. Heart Block (Coronary & Conductive Block)
2. Cardiac Arrhythmias & Corrections
3. ECG for Medical Practice
4. Cardiovascular Disease & Treatment

Subjects for Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course 2 Years

This 2 Year Course contains 16 subjects. Mobile No: 01987073965.01797522136,HotLine-01969947171

1st Semester

1. Cardiovascular Anatomy & Physiology
2. Cardiovascular Drugs & Pharmacology
3. Management of Hypertension & Hypotension
4. Coronary circulation & Conductive system

2nd Semester

1. Heart Block (Coronary & Conductive Block)
2. Cardiac Arrhythmias & Corrections
3. ECG for Medical Practice
4. Cardiovascular Disease & Treatment

3rd Semester

4th Semester

Some Subjects Details for Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course Given Below

Cardiovascular Anatomy & Physiology

1. Introduction

The cardiovascular system is responsible for:

• Transport of oxygen, nutrients, hormones
• Removal of carbon dioxide & metabolic waste
• Regulation of body temperature, pH, and fluid balance

Main Components

1. Heart
2. Blood vessels
   • Arteries
   • Veins
   • Capillaries
3. Blood

2. Anatomy of the Heart

Location

• Middle mediastinum of thoracic cavity
• Between lungs
• Apex points left at 5th intercostal space

Size & Shape

• Roughly the size of a closed fist
• Cone-shaped muscular organ

3. Layers of the Heart Wall

Layer	Description
Epicardium	Outer protective layer
Myocardium	Thick muscular layer (contracts)
Endocardium	Inner lining, smooth surface

4. Chambers of the Heart

Chamber	Function
Right Atrium (RA)	Receives deoxygenated blood from body
Right Ventricle (RV)	Pumps blood to lungs
Left Atrium (LA)	Receives oxygenated blood from lungs
Left Ventricle (LV)	Pumps blood to whole body

👉 Left ventricle has the thickest wall (highest pressure).

5. Heart Valves

Valve	Location	Function
Tricuspid	RA → RV	Prevents backflow
Pulmonary	RV → Pulmonary artery	Prevents backflow
Mitral (Bicuspid)	LA → LV	Prevents backflow
Aortic	LV → Aorta	Prevents backflow

6. Blood Supply of the Heart (Coronary Circulation)

Coronary Arteries

• Right Coronary Artery (RCA)
• Left Coronary Artery (LCA)
  • Left Anterior Descending (LAD)
  • Circumflex (LCX)

⚠️ Blockage → Ischemic heart disease / MI

7. Conducting System of the Heart

Structure	Function
SA node	Natural pacemaker
AV node	Delays impulse
Bundle of His	Conducts impulse
Purkinje fibers	Ventricular contraction

8. Blood Vessels Anatomy

Arteries

• Thick, elastic walls
• Carry blood away from heart

Veins

• Thin walls, valves present
• Carry blood toward heart

Capillaries

• One-cell thick
• Exchange of gases & nutrients

9. Physiology of the Heart

Cardiac Cycle

Two phases:

1. Systole – contraction
2. Diastole – relaxation

Heart Rate (HR)

• Normal adult: 60–100 beats/min

Stroke Volume (SV)

• Blood pumped per beat ≈ 70 mL

Cardiac Output (CO)

$$CO = HR × SV$$CO=HR×SV

Normal ≈ 5 L/min

10. Blood Pressure

Type	Normal Value
Systolic	120 mmHg
Diastolic	80 mmHg

Controlled by:

• Cardiac output
• Peripheral resistance
• Blood volume

11. Regulation of Heart Activity

Neural Control

• Sympathetic → increases HR & force
• Parasympathetic (Vagus) → decreases HR

Hormonal Control

• Adrenaline
• Noradrenaline
• Thyroxine

12. Physiology of Blood Circulation

Pulmonary Circulation

Heart → Lungs → Heart
(Oxygenation of blood)

Systemic Circulation

Heart → Body → Heart
(Nutrient & oxygen delivery)

Cardiovascular Drugs & Pharmacology

1. Introduction

Cardiovascular drugs are medicines used to:

• Treat heart diseases
• Control blood pressure
• Manage heart rhythm
• Improve cardiac output
• Prevent thrombosis

2. Antihypertensive Drugs

A. Diuretics

Mechanism: Increase urine output → ↓ blood volume → ↓ BP

Drug	Example
Thiazide	Hydrochlorothiazide
Loop	Furosemide
K⁺ sparing	Spironolactone

Uses: Hypertension, heart failure
Side effects: Electrolyte imbalance

B. Beta-Blockers (β-blockers)

Mechanism: ↓ Heart rate & contractility

Drug	Selectivity
Propranolol	Non-selective
Atenolol	β1-selective
Metoprolol	β1-selective

Uses: HTN, angina, arrhythmia, MI
Side effects: Bradycardia, fatigue

C. ACE Inhibitors

Mechanism: Block Angiotensin-II → Vasodilation

Drug
Enalapril
Captopril
Lisinopril

Uses: HTN, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy
Side effects: Dry cough, hyperkalemia

D. ARBs

Mechanism: Block Angiotensin-II receptors

Drug
Losartan
Valsartan

Advantage: No cough
Uses: Same as ACE inhibitors

E. Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB)

Mechanism: ↓ Ca²⁺ entry → vasodilation

Drug	Type
Amlodipine	Dihydropyridine
Verapamil	Non-DHP
Diltiazem	Non-DHP

Uses: HTN, angina, arrhythmia
Side effects: Edema, constipation

3. Anti-Anginal Drugs

A. Nitrates

Mechanism: Venodilation → ↓ preload

Drug
Nitroglycerin
Isosorbide dinitrate

Uses: Angina pectoris
Side effects: Headache, hypotension

B. Beta-Blockers & CCBs

• Reduce myocardial oxygen demand

4. Drugs Used in Heart Failure

Drug Class	Example
Diuretics	Furosemide
ACE inhibitors	Enalapril
Beta-blockers	Carvedilol
Cardiac glycosides	Digoxin

Digoxin

Mechanism: ↑ Force of contraction
Uses: Heart failure, AF
Toxicity: Nausea, arrhythmia

5. Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs

Vaughan-Williams Classification

Class	Drug
Class I	Lidocaine
Class II	Beta-blockers
Class III	Amiodarone
Class IV	Verapamil

Uses: Atrial & ventricular arrhythmias

6. Anticoagulants

Drug	Use
Heparin	Acute thrombosis
Warfarin	Long-term prevention
Dabigatran	Oral anticoagulant

Side effect: Bleeding

7. Antiplatelet Drugs

Drug
Aspirin
Clopidogrel

Uses: MI, stroke prevention

8. Thrombolytic (Fibrinolytic) Drugs

Drug
Streptokinase
Alteplase

Uses: Acute MI, PE
Risk: Severe bleeding

9. Hypolipidemic Drugs

Statins

Mechanism: ↓ LDL cholesterol

Drug
Atorvastatin
Rosuvastatin

Uses: Prevention of atherosclerosis
Side effects: Muscle pain, liver injury

10. Emergency Cardiovascular Drugs

Drug	Use
Adrenaline	Cardiac arrest
Atropine	Bradycardia
Dopamine	Shock

Management of Hypertension & Hypotension

Management of Hypertension & Hypotension

PART A: MANAGEMENT OF HYPERTENSION

1. Definition

Hypertension (HTN)
Persistent blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg (on repeated measurements).

2. Goals of Management

• Reduce blood pressure
• Prevent target organ damage
• Reduce risk of stroke, MI, kidney failure

3. Non-Pharmacological Management (Lifestyle Modification)

A. Diet

• Low-salt diet (<5 g/day)
• DASH diet (fruits, vegetables, low fat)
• Reduce saturated fat

B. Weight Control

• BMI < 25 kg/m²

C. Physical Activity

• Brisk walking 30–45 min/day

D. Avoid Risk Factors

• Stop smoking
• Limit alcohol
• Stress management

4. Pharmacological Management of Hypertension

First-Line Drugs

Drug Class	Examples
Diuretics	Hydrochlorothiazide
ACE inhibitors	Enalapril
ARBs	Losartan
Calcium channel blockers	Amlodipine
Beta-blockers	Atenolol

---

Stepwise Treatment

1. Start with single drug
2. Increase dose if BP not controlled
3. Combine 2–3 drugs if needed

Special Situations

Condition	Preferred Drug
Diabetes	ACEI / ARB
Heart failure	ACEI + Diuretic
Pregnancy	Methyldopa
Elderly	CCB / Diuretic

5. Management of Hypertensive Emergency

BP ≥ 180/120 mmHg + organ damage

Drugs Used (IV)

• Nitroglycerin
• Labetalol
• Sodium nitroprusside

⚠️ BP should be reduced gradually, not suddenly.

PART B: MANAGEMENT OF HYPOTENSION

6. Definition

Hypotension
Systolic BP < 90 mmHg or symptomatic low BP.

7. Causes

• Dehydration
• Blood loss
• Shock
• Heart failure
• Drugs (antihypertensives)

8. Goals of Management

• Restore blood pressure
• Maintain organ perfusion
• Treat underlying cause

9. Non-Pharmacological Management

Immediate Measures

• Lay patient supine
• Elevate legs (Trendelenburg position)
• Ensure airway & oxygen

Fluid Therapy

• Oral fluids (mild cases)
• IV normal saline / Ringer’s lactate

10. Pharmacological Management of Hypotension

Drug	Use
Dopamine	Shock
Noradrenaline	Severe hypotension
Adrenaline	Cardiac arrest
Midodrine	Chronic hypotension

11. Management of Orthostatic Hypotension

• Slow position change
• Adequate hydration
• Compression stockings
• Fludrocortisone (if needed)

12. Monitoring & Nursing Care

• Regular BP monitoring
• Intake–output chart
• Electrolyte balance
• Patient education

13. Comparison Table (Exam Favorite)

Feature	Hypertension	Hypotension
BP	High	Low
Main risk	Stroke, MI	Shock, syncope
Treatment	BP lowering drugs	Fluids & vasopressors

Cardio Conductive System

1. Definition

The cardiac conductive system is a specialized network of muscle fibers that:

• Generates electrical impulses
• Conducts impulses through the heart
• Produces coordinated atrial and ventricular contraction

2. Components of the Cardiac Conductive System

1️⃣ Sinoatrial (SA) Node

• Location: Right atrium, near opening of superior vena cava
• Function: Natural pacemaker of the heart
• Rate: 60–100 impulses/min

✅ Initiates each heartbeat

2️⃣ Internodal Pathways

• Carry impulse from SA node → AV node
• Include anterior, middle, and posterior tracts

3️⃣ Atrioventricular (AV) Node

• Location: Interatrial septum, near tricuspid valve
• Function: Delays impulse (~0.1 sec)
• Rate: 40–60 impulses/min

✅ Allows ventricles to fill before contraction

4️⃣ Bundle of His (AV Bundle)

• Connects atria and ventricles
• Only normal electrical connection between them

5️⃣ Right & Left Bundle Branches

• Run along interventricular septum
• Left bundle divides into anterior & posterior fascicles

6️⃣ Purkinje Fibers

• Spread throughout ventricular myocardium
• Rate: 15–40 impulses/min
• Cause rapid, powerful ventricular contraction

3. Sequence of Electrical Conduction (Flowchart)

SA node → Atria → AV node → Bundle of His → Bundle branches → Purkinje fibers → Ventricles

4. Blood Supply of Conductive System (Clinical Point)

Structure	Blood Supply
SA node	Right coronary artery (60%)
AV node	Right coronary artery
Bundle branches	LAD artery

5. Physiology of Cardiac Conduction

Automaticity

Ability to generate impulse spontaneously

Conductivity

Ability to transmit impulse

Excitability

Ability to respond to stimulus

Contractility

Ability to contract

6. ECG Correlation (Very Important)

ECG Wave	Event
P wave	Atrial depolarization
PR interval	AV nodal delay
QRS complex	Ventricular depolarization
T wave	Ventricular repolarization

7. Clinical Disorders of Conductive System

Arrhythmias

• Bradycardia
• Tachycardia
• Atrial fibrillation

Heart Blocks

Type	Problem
1st degree	Prolonged PR
2nd degree	Dropped beats
3rd degree	Complete block

Heart Block (Coronary & Conductive Block)

1. Definition

Heart block is a disorder of the cardiac conduction system where electrical impulse conduction is delayed or completely blocked, usually at the AV node or bundle branches.

2. Causes of Heart Block

Common Causes

• Ischemic heart disease / MI
• Degenerative changes (elderly)
• Drugs (β-blockers, digoxin, CCBs)
• Electrolyte imbalance (↑ K⁺)
• Congenital heart disease
• Myocarditis

3. Types of Heart Block (Very Important)

A. Atrioventricular (AV) Block

1. First-degree AV block
2. Second-degree AV block
   • Mobitz type I (Wenckebach)
   • Mobitz type II
3. Third-degree AV block (Complete block)

4. First-Degree AV Block

Definition

• Delayed conduction through AV node
• All impulses reach ventricles

ECG Finding

• PR interval > 0.20 sec
• Every P wave followed by QRS

Clinical Features

• Usually asymptomatic

Management

• No treatment required
• Observe & remove offending drugs

5. Second-Degree AV Block

(a) Mobitz Type I (Wenckebach)

Mechanism: Progressive AV nodal delay

ECG

• PR interval gradually lengthens
• Eventually one QRS is dropped

Symptoms

• Mild dizziness
• Often asymptomatic

Management

• Usually benign
• Atropine if symptomatic

(b) Mobitz Type II

Mechanism: Sudden conduction failure below AV node

ECG

• Fixed PR interval
• Sudden dropped QRS

⚠️ More dangerous than type I

Symptoms

• Syncope
• Severe bradycardia

Management

• Permanent pacemaker required

6. Third-Degree AV Block (Complete Heart Block)

Definition

• No impulse conduction from atria to ventricles
• Atria and ventricles beat independently

ECG

• P waves & QRS complexes completely dissociated
• Ventricular rate very slow

Symptoms

• Severe bradycardia
• Dizziness
• Syncope (Stokes-Adams attack)
• Heart failure

Management

• Emergency: Atropine / temporary pacing
• Definitive: Permanent pacemaker

7. Bundle Branch Block (BBB)

Types

• Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB)
• Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB)

ECG Clue

• Wide QRS complex (>0.12 sec)

Significance

• LBBB often indicates serious heart disease

8. Comparison Table (Exam Favorite)

Feature	1st Degree	2nd Degree	3rd Degree
PR interval	Prolonged	Variable	No relation
Dropped beats	No	Yes	Complete
Severity	Mild	Moderate	Severe
Pacemaker	No	Sometimes	Yes

9. Nursing & Clinical Management

• Monitor ECG & heart rate
• Observe for syncope
• Maintain airway & oxygen
• Prepare for pacemaker if needed