{"id":2066,"date":"2026-01-04T17:30:17","date_gmt":"2026-01-04T11:30:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/?p=2066"},"modified":"2026-01-17T16:03:59","modified_gmt":"2026-01-17T10:03:59","slug":"lmaf-course-1-year","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/","title":{"rendered":"LMAF Course 1 Year"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#LMAF_Course_1_Year_Details\" >LMAF Course 1 Year Details<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Location_of_LMAF_Course_1_Year\" >Location of LMAF Course 1 Year<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Course_Fee_for_LMAF_Course_1Year_in_Dhaka_Bangladesh\" >Course Fee for LMAF Course 1Year in Dhaka, Bangladesh<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#LMAF_Course_1_Year_Admission_Eligibility_in_Dhaka_Bangladesh\" >LMAF Course 1 Year Admission Eligibility in Dhaka, Bangladesh<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Document_for_admission_in_LMAF_Course_1_Year\" >Document for admission in LMAF Course 1 Year<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Subjects_For_LMAF_Course_1_Year\" >Subjects For LMAF Course 1 Year<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Teachers_For_LMAF_Course_1_Year\" >Teachers For LMAF Course 1 Year<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Practical_Work_For_LMAF_Course_1_Year\" >Practical Work For LMAF Course 1 Year<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Subjects_for_LMAF_Course_1_Year\" >Subjects for LMAF Course 1 Year<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Some_Practical_Class_Details_Given_Below_for_LMAF_Course_1_Year\" >Some Practical Class Details Given Below for LMAF Course 1 Year<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#1_Heart_Beat\" >1. Heart Beat<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Definition\" >Definition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#What_happens_in_one_heart_beat\" >What happens in one heart beat?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Normal_heart_beat_sounds\" >Normal heart beat sounds<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Function\" >Function<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#2_Heart_Rate\" >2. Heart Rate<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Definition-2\" >Definition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Normal_Heart_Rate_Resting\" >Normal Heart Rate (Resting)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#3_Difference_Between_Heart_Beat_Heart_Rate\" >3. Difference Between Heart Beat &amp; Heart Rate<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#4_Measurement_of_Heart_Rate\" >4. Measurement of Heart Rate<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Sites\" >Sites<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Methods\" >Methods<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#5_Abnormal_Heart_Rate\" >5. Abnormal Heart Rate<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Tachycardia\" >Tachycardia<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Bradycardia\" >Bradycardia<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Blood_Pressure\" >Blood Pressure<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#1_Systolic_Blood_Pressure_SBP\" >1. Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#2_Diastolic_Blood_Pressure_DBP\" >2. Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Units_of_Blood_Pressure\" >Units of Blood Pressure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Normal_Blood_Pressure_Values\" >Normal Blood Pressure Values<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Factors_Affecting_Blood_Pressure\" >Factors Affecting Blood Pressure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Measurement_of_Blood_Pressure\" >Measurement of Blood Pressure<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Instruments\" >Instruments<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Sites-2\" >Sites<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Method\" >Method<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Abnormal_Blood_Pressure\" >Abnormal Blood Pressure<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Hypertension_High_BP\" >Hypertension (High BP)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Hypotension_Low_BP\" >Hypotension (Low BP)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Nebulizer_Practical_Class_for_DMS_Course_1_Year\" >Nebulizer Practical Class for DMS Course 1 Year<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Definition-3\" >Definition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Purpose_Indications\" >Purpose \/ Indications<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-42\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Common_Drugs_Used\" >Common Drugs Used<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-43\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Articles_Required\" >Articles Required<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-44\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Procedure_Practical_Steps\" >Procedure (Practical Steps)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-45\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Before_Procedure\" >Before Procedure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-46\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#During_Procedure\" >During Procedure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-47\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#After_Procedure\" >After Procedure<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-48\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Glucometer_Blood_Glucose\" >Glucometer Blood Glucose<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-49\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Some_Subject_Details_for_LMAF_Course_1_Years\" >Some Subject Details for LMAF Course 1 Years<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-50\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Human_Anatomy_Physiology_for_LMAF_Course_1_Years\" >Human Anatomy &amp; Physiology for LMAF Course 1 Years<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-51\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Levels_of_Organization_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0\" >Levels of Organization (\u09b6\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-52\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Major_Systems_of_Human_Body\" >Major Systems of Human Body<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-53\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B\" >\u0995\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09ae \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-54\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#1_Skeletal_System\" >1. Skeletal System<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-55\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#2_Muscular_System\" >2. Muscular System<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-56\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#3_Nervous_System\" >3. Nervous System<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-57\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#4_Cardiovascular_System\" >4. Cardiovascular System<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-58\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#5_Respiratory_System\" >5. Respiratory System<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-59\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#6_Digestive_System\" >6. Digestive System<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-60\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Pharmacology-1_for_LMAF_Course_1_Year\" >Pharmacology-1 for LMAF Course 1 Year<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-61\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#1_Definition_of_Pharmacology\" >1. Definition of Pharmacology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-62\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#2_Drug_%E2%80%93_Definition\" >2. Drug \u2013 Definition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-63\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#3_Branches_of_Pharmacology\" >3. Branches of Pharmacology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-64\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#4_Pharmacokinetics_ADME\" >4. Pharmacokinetics (ADME)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-65\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#5_Pharmacodynamics\" >5. Pharmacodynamics<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-66\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#6_Routes_of_Drug_Administration\" >6. Routes of Drug Administration<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-67\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#7_Types_of_Drugs\" >7. Types of Drugs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-68\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#8_Adverse_Drug_Reactions_ADR\" >8. Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-69\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#9_Importance_of_Pharmacology_for_Nurses_Physiotherapists\" >9. Importance of Pharmacology for Nurses \/ Physiotherapists<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-70\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#10_Common_Terms\" >10. Common Terms<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-71\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Study_of_OTC_for_LMAF_Course_1_Year\" >Study of OTC for LMAF Course 1 Year<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-72\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#1_Definition_of_OTC_Drugs\" >1. Definition of OTC Drugs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-73\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#2_Common_Uses_of_OTC_Drugs\" >2. Common Uses of OTC Drugs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-74\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#3_Classification_of_OTC_Drugs\" >3. Classification of OTC Drugs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-75\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#A_Analgesics_Antipyretics\" >A. Analgesics &amp; Antipyretics<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-76\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#B_Antacids\" >B. Antacids<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-77\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#C_Antihistamines\" >C. Antihistamines<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-78\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#D_Cough_Cold_Preparations\" >D. Cough &amp; Cold Preparations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-79\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#E_Laxatives\" >E. Laxatives<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-80\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#F_Antiseptics_Disinfectants\" >F. Antiseptics &amp; Disinfectants<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-81\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#4_Advantages_of_OTC_Drugs\" >4. Advantages of OTC Drugs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-82\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#5_Disadvantages_Risks\" >5. Disadvantages \/ Risks<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-83\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#First_Aid_for_LMAF_Course_1_Year\" >First Aid for LMAF Course 1 Year<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-84\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#1_Definition\" >1. Definition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-85\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#2_Aims_of_First_Aid\" >2. Aims of First Aid<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-86\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#3_Basic_Principles_of_First_Aid\" >3. Basic Principles of First Aid<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-87\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#4_Common_First_Aid_Situations\" >4. Common First Aid Situations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-88\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#A_Bleeding\" >A. Bleeding<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-89\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#B_Burns\" >B. Burns<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-90\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#C_Fracture\" >C. Fracture<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-91\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#D_Fainting\" >D. Fainting<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-92\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#E_Choking\" >E. Choking<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-93\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#F_Shock\" >F. Shock<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-94\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#5_First_Aid_Kit_Contents\" >5. First Aid Kit Contents<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-95\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#6_Importance_of_First_Aid\" >6. Importance of First Aid<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-96\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Practice_of_Medicine_For_LMAF_Course_1_Year\" >Practice of Medicine For LMAF Course 1 Year<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-97\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#1_Definition-2\" >1. Definition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-98\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#2_Scope_of_Practice_of_Medicine\" >2. Scope of Practice of Medicine<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-99\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#3_Components_of_Practice_of_Medicine\" >3. Components of Practice of Medicine<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-100\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#A_History_Taking\" >A. History Taking<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-101\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#B_Physical_Examination\" >B. Physical Examination<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-102\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#C_Diagnosis\" >C. Diagnosis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-103\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#D_Treatment\" >D. Treatment<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-104\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#E_Prevention_of_Disease\" >E. Prevention of Disease<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-105\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#4_Common_Diseases_Studied_in_Practice_of_Medicine\" >4. Common Diseases Studied in Practice of Medicine<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-106\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Hematology-1_For_LMAF_Course_1_Year\" >Hematology-1 For LMAF Course 1 Year<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-107\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#1_Introduction_to_Hematology\" >1. Introduction to Hematology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-108\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#2_Composition_of_Blood\" >2. Composition of Blood<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-109\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#A_Plasma_%E2%89%8855\" >A. Plasma (\u224855%)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-110\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#3_Formed_Elements_of_Blood\" >3. Formed Elements of Blood<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-111\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#A_Red_Blood_Cells_RBCs_Erythrocytes\" >A. Red Blood Cells (RBCs \/ Erythrocytes)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-112\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#B_White_Blood_Cells_WBCs_Leukocytes\" >B. White Blood Cells (WBCs \/ Leukocytes)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-113\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Types_of_WBCs\" >Types of WBCs<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-114\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#1_Neutrophils_60%E2%80%9370\" >1. Neutrophils (60\u201370%)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-115\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#2_Lymphocytes_20%E2%80%9330\" >2. Lymphocytes (20\u201330%)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-116\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#3_Monocytes_2%E2%80%938\" >3. Monocytes (2\u20138%)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-117\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#4_Eosinophils_1%E2%80%934\" >4. Eosinophils (1\u20134%)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-118\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#5_Basophils_05%E2%80%931\" >5. Basophils (0.5\u20131%)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-119\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#C_Platelets_Thrombocytes\" >C. Platelets (Thrombocytes)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-120\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#4_Hemostasis_Blood_Clotting\" >4. Hemostasis (Blood Clotting)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-121\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#5_Hemoglobin_Hb_in_Detail\" >5. Hemoglobin (Hb) in Detail<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-122\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#6_Blood_Groups\" >6. Blood Groups<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-123\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#ABO_Blood_Group_System\" >ABO Blood Group System<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-124\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Rh_Factor\" >Rh Factor<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-125\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#7_Blood_Formation_Hematopoiesis\" >7. Blood Formation (Hematopoiesis)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-126\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#8_Clinical_Importance_of_Hematology\" >8. Clinical Importance of Hematology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-127\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Pathology_for_DMS_Course_1_Year\" >Pathology for DMS Course 1 Year<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-128\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#1_Definition-3\" >1. Definition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-129\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#2_Branches_of_Pathology\" >2. Branches of Pathology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-130\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#3_Etiology_Causes_of_Disease\" >3. Etiology (Causes of Disease)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-131\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#4_Pathogenesis_Mechanism_of_Disease\" >4. Pathogenesis (Mechanism of Disease)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-132\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#5_Morphological_Changes\" >5. Morphological Changes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-133\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#6_Common_Pathological_Processes\" >6. Common Pathological Processes<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-134\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Cardiovascular_Anatomy_for_LMAF_Course_1_Year\" >Cardiovascular Anatomy for LMAF Course 1 Year<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-135\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Orthopedic_Anatomy_for_LMAF_Course_1_Year\" >Orthopedic Anatomy for LMAF Course 1 Year<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-136\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#1_Definition-4\" >1. Definition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-137\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#2_Components_of_Orthopedic_Anatomy\" >2. Components of Orthopedic Anatomy<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-138\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#A_Bones_Skeletal_System\" >A. Bones (Skeletal System)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-139\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#B_Joints_Articulations\" >B. Joints (Articulations)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-140\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#C_Muscles\" >C. Muscles<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-141\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#D_Ligaments\" >D. Ligaments<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-142\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#E_Tendons\" >E. Tendons<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-143\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#3_Important_Orthopedic_Regions\" >3. Important Orthopedic Regions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-144\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#4_Common_Orthopedic_Terms\" >4. Common Orthopedic Terms<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-145\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/04\/lmaf-course-1-year\/#Antimicrobial_Drug_For_LMAF_Course_1_Year\" >Antimicrobial Drug For LMAF Course 1 Year<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"LMAF_Course_1_Year_Details\"><\/span>LMAF Course 1 Year Details<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>LMAF Course 1 Years : Mobile Number. 01987073965,01797522136.Hotline- The full Meaning of LMAF is<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.hrtdmi.com\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"www.hrtdmi.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(Local Medical Assistant &amp; Family welfare)<\/a><\/strong>. A LMAF course of 1 Year 1 duration is a Short Type of LMAF course in Bangladesh This Course contains 10 subject in 2 semesters. The 1st Semester contains 5 subject and 2nd semester contains 5 subjects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/DMS-Course-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"LMAF Course 1 Year\n\" class=\"wp-image-1288\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/DMS-Course-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/DMS-Course-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/DMS-Course-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/DMS-Course-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/DMS-Course.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Location_of_LMAF_Course_1_Year\"><\/span>Location of LMAF Course 1 Year<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Location of <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.hrtdmi.com\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"www.hrtdmi.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Local Medical Assistant &amp; Family welfare<\/a><\/strong> (LMAF) course 1 Year Training Institute. Mobile Number.01987073965. 01941123488, 01797522136. HRTD Medical Institute , Abdul Ali Madbor Mention, Section-6, Block-Kha, Road-1, Plot-11, Mirpur-10 (Gol-Chattar) Metro Rail Pilar NO-249, Dhaka-1216. It is situated by the West Side of Agrani Bank, the South Side of Fire Service, Islami Bank, Janata Bank, Social Islami Bank, Medinova, Ibrahim Diabetic Hospital, the North Side of Baitul Mamur Jame Mosjid, Grave of Baitul Mamur Jame Mosjid, and East Side of Maliha Apartment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Course_Fee_for_LMAF_Course_1Year_in_Dhaka_Bangladesh\"><\/span>Course Fee for LMAF Course 1Year in Dhaka, Bangladesh<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Course Fee for LMAF Course 1 Year. Mobile Number. 01987073965. 01941123488, 01797522136. DMS Course Fee for 1 Year TK 52,500\/- Including Admission Fee, Monthly Fee &amp; Exam Fee.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"LMAF_Course_1_Year_Admission_Eligibility_in_Dhaka_Bangladesh\"><\/span>LMAF Course 1 Year Admission Eligibility in Dhaka, Bangladesh<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>LMAF Course 1 Year Admission Eligibility. Mobile Number. 01987073965. 01941123488, 01797522136. SSC or Equivalent\/HSC\/ Degree\/ Masters from any Background (Science\/ Arts\/ Commerce\/ Technical).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Document_for_admission_in_LMAF_Course_1_Year\"><\/span>Document for admission in LMAF Course 1 Year<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>LMAF Course in Dhaka. Mobile No: 01987-073965, 01797-522136. HRTD Medical Institute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Photocopy of Certificate, Photocopy of NID, Passport Size Photo 4 Pcs. Without NID, a Birth Certificate is allowed for an emergency case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Subjects_For_LMAF_Course_1_Year\"><\/span>Subjects For LMAF Course 1 Year<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>LMAF Course 1 Year Contains 10 Subject. Human Anatomy &amp; Physiology,Pharmacology-1,Study of OTC, First Aid, Practice of Medicine,Hematology-1,Pathology for Medical Practice, Cardiovascular Anatomy, Orthopedic Anatomy,Surgery-1,Antimicrobial Drug, Medical Diagnosis,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Teachers_For_LMAF_Course_1_Year\"><\/span>Teachers For LMAF Course 1 Year<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dr. Md. Sakulur Rahman, MBBS, CCD (BIRDEM), Course Director<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Sanjana Binte Ahmed, BDS, MPH, Assistant Course Director<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Tisha, MBBS, PGT Gyne, Assistant Course Director<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Suhana, MBBS, PGT Medicine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Danial Hoque, MBBS, C-Card<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Tisha, MBBS <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Afrin Jahan, MBBS, PGT Medicine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Ananna, MBBS<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Lamia Afroze, MBBS<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Amena Afroze Anu, MBBS, PGT Gyne, Assistant Course Director<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Farhana Antara, MBBS,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Nazmun Nahar Juthi, BDS, PGT <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Farhana Sharna, MBBS<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Bushra, MBBS<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Turzo, MBBS<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Kamrunnahar Keya, BDS, PGT (Dhaka Dental College)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Shamima, MBBS, PGT Gyne<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Alamin, MBBS<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Benzir Belal, MBBS<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Disha, MBBS<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Mahinul Islam, MBBS<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Tisha, MBBS, PGT Medicine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Anika, MBBS, PGT<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Jannatul Ferdous, MBBS, PGT Gyne<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Jannatul Aman, MBBS, PGT<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Rayhan, BPT<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Abu Hurayra, BPT<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Sharmin Ankhi, MBBS, PGT Medicine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Md. Monir Hossain, B Pharm, M Pharm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Md. Monirul Islam, B Pharm, M Pharm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Md. Feroj Ahmed, BSc Pathology, PDT Medicine<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Practical_Work_For_LMAF_Course_1_Year\"><\/span>Practical Work For LMAF Course 1 Year<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Heart Beat, Heart Rate<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Heart Sound,Pulse<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Blood Pressure, Hypertension, Hypotension<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>First Aid Box<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Auscultation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inhaler, Rotahaler<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nebulizer<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Glucometer Blood Glucose<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Injection I\/V<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Injection I\/M<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cleaning,Dressing,Bandaging<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Saline<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CPR<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stitch<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Body Temperature <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nasal Tube Gel ,Hand Wash<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Blood Grouping<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cyanosis, Dehydration Test, Edema Test<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Subjects_for_LMAF_Course_1_Year\"><\/span>Subjects for LMAF Course 1 Year<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>LMAF Course 1 Year Contains 10 Subject. Mobile Number: 01987-073965,01797-522136<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Human Anatomy &amp; Physiology-1<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pharmacology-1<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Study of OTC Drugs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>First Aid-1 &amp; 2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Practice of Medicine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hematology<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pathology for Medical Practice<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Surgery-1<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cardiovascular Anatomy<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Antimicrobial drugs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Medical Diagnosis-1 &amp; 2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chemistry<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Medical Biochemistry<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Orthopedic Anatomy<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Some_Practical_Class_Details_Given_Below_for_LMAF_Course_1_Year\"><\/span>Some Practical Class Details Given Below for LMAF Course 1 Year<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1004\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/DMA-Course-1004x1024.jpg\" alt=\" LMAF Course 1 Year\" class=\"wp-image-2092\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/DMA-Course-1004x1024.jpg 1004w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/DMA-Course-294x300.jpg 294w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/DMA-Course-768x783.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/DMA-Course-1506x1536.jpg 1506w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/DMA-Course-2008x2048.jpg 2008w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1004px) 100vw, 1004px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Heart_Beat\"><\/span>1. Heart Beat<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Definition\"><\/span>Definition<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Heart beat is one complete cycle of heart contraction and relaxation that pumps blood throughout the body.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_happens_in_one_heart_beat\"><\/span>What happens in one heart beat?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Systole<\/strong> \u2013 heart contracts \u2192 blood is pumped out<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Diastole<\/strong> \u2013 heart relaxes \u2192 heart fills with blood<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u27a1\ufe0f These two together make <strong>one heart beat<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Normal_heart_beat_sounds\"><\/span>Normal heart beat sounds<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u201cLub\u201d (S1)<\/strong> \u2013 closing of mitral &amp; tricuspid valves<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u201cDub\u201d (S2)<\/strong> \u2013 closing of aortic &amp; pulmonary valves<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Function\"><\/span><strong>Function<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Supplies oxygen &amp; nutrients<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Removes waste products<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maintains blood pressure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Heart_Rate\"><\/span>2. Heart Rate<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Definition-2\"><\/span>Definition<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Heart rate is the number of heart beats per minute (bpm).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Normal_Heart_Rate_Resting\"><\/span>Normal Heart Rate (Resting)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Age Group<\/th><th>Normal Heart Rate<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Newborn<\/td><td>120\u2013160 bpm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Infant<\/td><td>100\u2013140 bpm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Child<\/td><td>80\u2013120 bpm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Adult<\/td><td><strong>60\u2013100 bpm<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Athlete<\/td><td>40\u201360 bpm<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Difference_Between_Heart_Beat_Heart_Rate\"><\/span>3. Difference Between Heart Beat &amp; Heart Rate<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Feature<\/th><th>Heart Beat<\/th><th>Heart Rate<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Meaning<\/td><td>One pumping cycle<\/td><td>Beats per minute<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Unit<\/td><td>Single beat<\/td><td>bpm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Example<\/td><td>1 contraction + relaxation<\/td><td>72 beats\/min<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Measurement_of_Heart_Rate\"><\/span>4. Measurement of Heart Rate<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sites\"><\/span><strong>Sites<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Radial artery (wrist)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Carotid artery (neck)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Apical (stethoscope)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Methods\"><\/span><strong>Methods<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Palpation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Auscultation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ECG \/ Monitor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Abnormal_Heart_Rate\"><\/span>5. Abnormal Heart Rate<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tachycardia\"><\/span><strong>Tachycardia<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Heart rate <strong>&gt;100 bpm<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Causes: fever, anxiety, exercise, anemia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bradycardia\"><\/span><strong>Bradycardia<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Heart rate <strong>&lt;60 bpm<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Causes: athletes, sleep, heart disease<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Blood_Pressure\"><\/span>Blood Pressure <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Definition: <\/strong>Blood Pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of arteries during heart contraction and relaxation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Systolic_Blood_Pressure_SBP\"><\/span><strong>1. Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pressure during <strong>ventricular contraction<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Normal:<\/strong> ~ <strong>120 mmHg<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Diastolic_Blood_Pressure_DBP\"><\/span><strong>2. Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pressure during <strong>ventricular relaxation<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Normal:<\/strong> ~ <strong>80 mmHg<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 <strong>Normal BP = 120\/80 mmHg<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Units_of_Blood_Pressure\"><\/span>Units of Blood Pressure<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Measured in <strong>millimeters of mercury (mmHg)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Normal_Blood_Pressure_Values\"><\/span>Normal Blood Pressure Values<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Category<\/th><th>Systolic (mmHg)<\/th><th>Diastolic (mmHg)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Normal<\/td><td>&lt;120<\/td><td>&lt;80<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Elevated<\/td><td>120\u2013129<\/td><td>&lt;80<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hypertension Stage-1<\/td><td>130\u2013139<\/td><td>80\u201389<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hypertension Stage-2<\/td><td>\u2265140<\/td><td>\u226590<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hypotension<\/td><td>&lt;90<\/td><td>&lt;60<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Factors_Affecting_Blood_Pressure\"><\/span>Factors Affecting Blood Pressure<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Age<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Exercise<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stress &amp; emotions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Body weight<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Diet (salt intake)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Smoking &amp; alcohol<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Diseases (heart, kidney)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Drugs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Measurement_of_Blood_Pressure\"><\/span>Measurement of Blood Pressure<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Instruments\"><\/span><strong>Instruments<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sphygmomanometer<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stethoscope<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Digital BP machine<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sites-2\"><\/span><strong>Sites<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Brachial artery (most common)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Method\"><\/span><strong>Method<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Auscultatory method<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Palpatory method<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Abnormal_Blood_Pressure\"><\/span>Abnormal Blood Pressure<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hypertension_High_BP\"><\/span><strong>Hypertension (High BP)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>BP <strong>\u2265140\/90 mmHg<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Causes: obesity, stress, smoking, kidney disease<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Complications: stroke, heart attack, kidney failure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hypotension_Low_BP\"><\/span><strong>Hypotension (Low BP)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>BP <strong>&lt;90\/60 mmHg<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Causes: dehydration, blood loss, shock<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Symptoms: dizziness, fainting<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nebulizer_Practical_Class_for_DMS_Course_1_Year\"><\/span>Nebulizer Practical Class for DMS Course 1 Year<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Definition-3\"><\/span><strong>Definition<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Nebulization is a procedure in which liquid medicine is converted into fine mist (aerosol) and inhaled into the lungs for treatment of respiratory conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Purpose_Indications\"><\/span><strong>Purpose \/ Indications<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bronchial asthma<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>COPD<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bronchospasm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pneumonia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Acute respiratory distress<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thick respiratory secretions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Common_Drugs_Used\"><\/span><strong>Common Drugs Used<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Salbutamol<\/strong> (bronchodilator)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ipratropium bromide<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Budesonide<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Normal saline (0.9%)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Articles_Required\"><\/span><strong>Articles Required<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Nebulizer machine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nebulizer chamber<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mask \/ mouthpiece<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prescribed medication<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Normal saline<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Syringe \/ dropper<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gloves<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Towel \/ tissue<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Procedure_Practical_Steps\"><\/span><strong>Procedure (Practical Steps)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Before_Procedure\"><\/span><strong>Before Procedure<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Explain procedure to patient<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wash hands &amp; wear gloves<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Check doctor\u2019s order<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Assess respiratory status (RR, SpO\u2082, breath sounds)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Place patient in <strong>sitting \/ semi-Fowler\u2019s position<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"During_Procedure\"><\/span><strong>During Procedure<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Add prescribed drug into nebulizer chamber<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Add normal saline (total volume usually 3\u20135 ml)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Connect chamber to mask &amp; machine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Switch on nebulizer<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Place mask properly on patient\u2019s face<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Instruct patient to <strong>breathe slowly &amp; deeply<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Continue until mist stops (\u2248 5\u201310 minutes)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"After_Procedure\"><\/span><strong>After Procedure<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Switch off nebulizer<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Remove mask<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Encourage patient to rinse mouth (especially after steroid)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Clean &amp; dry nebulizer parts<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wash hands<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Document procedure &amp; patient response<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Glucometer_Blood_Glucose\"><\/span>Glucometer Blood Glucose<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"540\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Blood-glucose-1-540x1024.jpg\" alt=\"LMAF Course Blood Glucose Practical\" class=\"wp-image-2095\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Blood-glucose-1-540x1024.jpg 540w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Blood-glucose-1-158x300.jpg 158w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Blood-glucose-1-768x1458.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Blood-glucose-1-809x1536.jpg 809w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Blood-glucose-1-1079x2048.jpg 1079w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Blood-glucose-1-scaled.jpg 1349w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Some_Subject_Details_for_LMAF_Course_1_Years\"><\/span>Some Subject Details for LMAF Course 1 Years<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Human_Anatomy_Physiology_for_LMAF_Course_1_Years\"><\/span>Human Anatomy &amp; Physiology for LMAF Course 1 Years<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Study of the body Structure and its function is Anatomy &amp; Physiology. Here we discuss the systems of the human body and its organ, Tissues, and cells. The systems of the human body are the digestive system, Respiratory system, Cardiovascular system, Skeletal system, Muscular system, nervous system, Endocrine system, Immune System, Integumentary System and Urinary System.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"891\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/DMS-Course-1-Year-891x1024.jpg\" alt=\"LMAF Course 1 Year in Dhaka\" class=\"wp-image-1324\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/DMS-Course-1-Year-891x1024.jpg 891w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/DMS-Course-1-Year-261x300.jpg 261w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/DMS-Course-1-Year-768x883.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/DMS-Course-1-Year-1337x1536.jpg 1337w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/DMS-Course-1-Year-1782x2048.jpg 1782w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 891px) 100vw, 891px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Definition<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Anatomy (English):<\/strong><br>Anatomy is the study of the <strong>structure<\/strong> of the human body and the relationship between body parts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u099f\u09ae\u09bf (\u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be):<\/strong><br>\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u099f\u09ae\u09bf \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09a6\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8, \u0985\u0999\u09cd\u0997-\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u0999\u09cd\u0997 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Physiology (English):<\/strong><br>Physiology is the study of the <strong>functions<\/strong> of the human body and how body parts work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u09ab\u09bf\u099c\u09bf\u0993\u09b2\u099c\u09bf (\u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be):<\/strong><br>\u09ab\u09bf\u099c\u09bf\u0993\u09b2\u099c\u09bf \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09a6\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0985\u0999\u09cd\u0997 \u0995\u09c0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Levels_of_Organization_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0\"><\/span><strong>Levels of Organization (\u09b6\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Cell (\u0995\u09cb\u09b7)<\/strong> \u2013 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ac\u099a\u09c7\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u099b\u09cb\u099f \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4 \u098f\u0995\u0995<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tissue (\u099f\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09af\u09c1)<\/strong> \u2013 \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Organ (\u0985\u0999\u09cd\u0997)<\/strong> \u2013 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u099f\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09af\u09c1 \u09a6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u0997\u09a0\u09bf\u09a4 (\u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8: \u09b9\u09c3\u09a6\u09aa\u09bf\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>System (\u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09ae)<\/strong> \u2013 \u098f\u0995\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u0985\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09ac\u09af\u09bc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Organism (\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09a6\u09c7\u09b9)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Major_Systems_of_Human_Body\"><\/span><strong>Major Systems of Human Body<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>System<\/th><th>Main Function<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Skeletal System<\/td><td>\u09a6\u09c7\u09b9\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u0993 \u09b8\u09be\u09aa\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u099f \u09a6\u09c7\u09af\u09bc<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Muscular System<\/td><td>\u099a\u09b2\u09be\u099a\u09b2 \u0993 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nervous System<\/td><td>\u09a6\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3 \u0993 \u09b8\u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09ac\u09af\u09bc<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cardiovascular System<\/td><td>\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b9\u09a8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Respiratory System<\/td><td>\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b8-\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Digestive System<\/td><td>\u0996\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09af \u09b9\u099c\u09ae<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Urinary System<\/td><td>\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09cd\u09af \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u0997\u09ae\u09a8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Endocrine System<\/td><td>\u09b9\u09b0\u09ae\u09cb\u09a8 \u09a8\u09bf\u0983\u09b8\u09b0\u09a3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Reproductive System<\/td><td>\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u099c\u09a8\u09a8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Integumentary System<\/td><td>\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u0995 \u0993 \u09b8\u09c1\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B\"><\/span>\u0995\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09ae \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Skeletal_System\"><\/span>1. Skeletal System<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Function:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Gives shape and support to the body<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protects vital organs (brain, heart, lungs)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Helps in body movement<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Produces blood cells in bone marrow<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Main Parts:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bones (206 bones)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Joints<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cartilage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Muscular_System\"><\/span>2. Muscular System<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Function:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Enables movement of the body<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maintains posture<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Produces heat<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Types of Muscles:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Skeletal muscle \u2013 voluntary<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Smooth muscle \u2013 involuntary<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cardiac muscle \u2013 found in the heart<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Nervous_System\"><\/span>3. Nervous System<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Function:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Controls and coordinates body activities<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Receives and responds to stimuli<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Responsible for thinking, memory, and emotions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Main Parts:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Brain<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Spinal cord<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nerves<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Cardiovascular_System\"><\/span>4. Cardiovascular System<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Function:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Circulates blood throughout the body<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Removes waste products<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Main Parts:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Heart<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Blood<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Respiratory_System\"><\/span>5. Respiratory System<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Function:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Helps in breathing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Supplies oxygen to the blood<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Removes carbon dioxide from the body<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Main Parts:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Nose<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Trachea<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lungs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alveoli<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Digestive_System\"><\/span>6. Digestive System<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Function:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Digestion of food<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Absorption of nutrients<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Elimination of waste<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Main Parts:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Mouth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Esophagus<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stomach<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Intestines<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Liver and pancreas<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pharmacology-1_for_LMAF_Course_1_Year\"><\/span>Pharmacology-1 for LMAF Course 1 Year<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Definition_of_Pharmacology\"><\/span><strong>1. Definition of Pharmacology<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pharmacology<\/strong> is the branch of medical science that deals with <strong>drugs<\/strong>, their <strong>sources, actions, uses, side effects, and mechanisms<\/strong> in the human body.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Drug_%E2%80%93_Definition\"><\/span><strong>2. Drug \u2013 Definition<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A <strong>drug<\/strong> is a chemical substance that is used to <strong>diagnose, prevent, treat, or cure disease<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Branches_of_Pharmacology\"><\/span><strong>3. Branches of Pharmacology<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Pharmacokinetics<\/strong> \u2013 What the body does to the drug<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pharmacodynamics<\/strong> \u2013 What the drug does to the body<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pharmacotherapeutics<\/strong> \u2013 Use of drugs in treatment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Toxicology<\/strong> \u2013 Study of harmful effects of drugs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Chemotherapy<\/strong> \u2013 Drugs used to treat infections and cancer<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Pharmacokinetics_ADME\"><\/span><strong>4. Pharmacokinetics (ADME)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A \u2013 Absorption:<\/strong><br>How a drug enters the bloodstream<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>D \u2013 Distribution:<\/strong><br>How the drug spreads in the body<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>M \u2013 Metabolism:<\/strong><br>Breakdown of drugs mainly in the liver<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>E \u2013 Excretion:<\/strong><br>Removal of drugs mainly through kidneys (urine)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Pharmacodynamics\"><\/span><strong>5. Pharmacodynamics<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Drug action and effect<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Receptor interaction<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dose\u2013response relationship<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example:<\/strong><br>Paracetamol reduces pain and fever.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Routes_of_Drug_Administration\"><\/span><strong>6. Routes of Drug Administration<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Oral (by mouth)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sublingual<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Intravenous (IV)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Intramuscular (IM)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Subcutaneous (SC)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Topical<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inhalation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Types_of_Drugs\"><\/span><strong>7. Types of Drugs<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Analgesics (pain killers)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Antibiotics<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Antipyretics (reduce fever)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Antiseptics<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sedatives<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Adverse_Drug_Reactions_ADR\"><\/span><strong>8. Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Nausea<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vomiting<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Allergy<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Drowsiness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9_Importance_of_Pharmacology_for_Nurses_Physiotherapists\"><\/span><strong>9. Importance of Pharmacology for Nurses \/ Physiotherapists<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Safe drug administration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Understanding drug effects<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prevention of medication errors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Patient education<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10_Common_Terms\"><\/span><strong>10. Common Terms<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Dose:<\/strong> Amount of drug given<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Therapeutic effect:<\/strong> Desired effect<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Side effect:<\/strong> Unwanted effect<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Overdose:<\/strong> Excess amount of drug<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Study_of_OTC_for_LMAF_Course_1_Year\"><\/span>Study of OTC for LMAF Course 1 Year<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>OTC Drugs are important for all Medical Assistant Courses. These Drugs are Emergency and safe for the patients. The Study of OTC Drugs improves the quality of practice. Some OTC Drugs are Albendazole, Ascorbic Acid, Calcium, Multivitamins, Vitamin B Complex, Omeprazole, Oral Rehydration Salt, Salbutamol etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Definition_of_OTC_Drugs\"><\/span><strong>1. Definition of OTC Drugs<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>OTC (Over-the-Counter) drugs<\/strong> are medicines that can be <strong>purchased without a doctor\u2019s prescription<\/strong> and are used for <strong>minor illnesses<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Common_Uses_of_OTC_Drugs\"><\/span><strong>2. Common Uses of OTC Drugs<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Headache<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fever<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cold &amp; cough<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mild pain<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Acidity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Minor skin problems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Classification_of_OTC_Drugs\"><\/span><strong>3. Classification of OTC Drugs<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Analgesics_Antipyretics\"><\/span><strong>A. Analgesics &amp; Antipyretics<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Use:<\/strong> Pain and fever<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Paracetamol<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ibuprofen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u26a0\ufe0f Side effects: Liver damage (overdose), gastric irritation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B_Antacids\"><\/span><strong>B. Antacids<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Use:<\/strong> Acidity, heartburn<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Aluminum hydroxide<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Magnesium hydroxide<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u26a0\ufe0f Side effects: Constipation, diarrhea<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"C_Antihistamines\"><\/span><strong>C. Antihistamines<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Use:<\/strong> Allergy, cold, sneezing<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cetirizine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Loratadine<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u26a0\ufe0f Side effects: Drowsiness<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"D_Cough_Cold_Preparations\"><\/span><strong>D. Cough &amp; Cold Preparations<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Use:<\/strong> Cough, sore throat<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dextromethorphan<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Guaifenesin<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"E_Laxatives\"><\/span><strong>E. Laxatives<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Use:<\/strong> Constipation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Isabgol<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bisacodyl<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"F_Antiseptics_Disinfectants\"><\/span><strong>F. Antiseptics &amp; Disinfectants<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Use:<\/strong> Wound cleaning<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Povidone-iodine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chlorhexidine<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Advantages_of_OTC_Drugs\"><\/span><strong>4. Advantages of OTC Drugs<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Easily available<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Low cost<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Useful for minor ailments<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Saves time<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Disadvantages_Risks\"><\/span><strong>5. Disadvantages \/ Risks<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Wrong drug use<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Overdose<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Drug interactions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Masking of serious disease<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"First_Aid_for_LMAF_Course_1_Year\"><\/span>First Aid for LMAF Course 1 Year<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>First Aid is an important subject for Medical courses including Diplomas in Medicine &amp; Surgery course. RMP Courses, LMAF Courses, Paramedical Courses, DMA Courses, DMS Courses, Nursing Courses, Dental Courses, Pathology Courses, Physiotherapy Courses, Caregiver courses etc. Here we discuss shock, Classification Shock, causes of Shock, Stages of Shock, Clinical Features of Shock, Hypovolemic Shock, Cardiogenic Shock, Neurogenic Shock, Traumatic Shock, Burn Shock, Electric Shock, Psychogenic Shock, Anaphylactic Shock, First Aid of Shock, First Aid of cut, First Aid of Snake Bite, First Aid of Accidental Injury etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Definition\"><\/span><strong>1. Definition<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>First Aid is the immediate and temporary care given to an injured or suddenly ill person before professional medical help is available.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Aims_of_First_Aid\"><\/span><strong>2. Aims of First Aid<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Preserve life<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Prevent further injury<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Promote recovery<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Basic_Principles_of_First_Aid\"><\/span><strong>3. Basic Principles of First Aid<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Stay calm and ensure <strong>scene safety<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Check <strong>Airway, Breathing, Circulation (ABC)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Call for medical help if needed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do not move the patient unnecessarily<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Common_First_Aid_Situations\"><\/span><strong>4. Common First Aid Situations<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Bleeding\"><\/span><strong>A. Bleeding<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Apply direct pressure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Elevate the injured part<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use a clean bandage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B_Burns\"><\/span><strong>B. Burns<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cool the burn with running water (10\u201320 minutes)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do not break blisters<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cover with a clean cloth<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"C_Fracture\"><\/span><strong>C. Fracture<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Immobilize the affected area<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use splints if available<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do not try to straighten the bone<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"D_Fainting\"><\/span><strong>D. Fainting<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lay the person flat<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Raise legs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Loosen tight clothing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"E_Choking\"><\/span><strong>E. Choking<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Encourage coughing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Perform abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver) if needed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"F_Shock\"><\/span><strong>F. Shock<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lay patient down<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Keep warm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do not give food or drink<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_First_Aid_Kit_Contents\"><\/span><strong>5. First Aid Kit Contents<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sterile gauze<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bandages<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Antiseptic solution<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Scissors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gloves<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cotton<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pain reliever<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Importance_of_First_Aid\"><\/span><strong>6. Importance of First Aid<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Saves lives<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reduces severity of injury<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provides confidence in emergencies<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Practice_of_Medicine_For_LMAF_Course_1_Year\"><\/span>Practice of Medicine For LMAF Course 1 Year<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>DMS Course 1 Year for Important topics in the practice of medicine include&nbsp;fundamental sciences like&nbsp;anatomy, physiology, and pathology; core clinical subjects such as&nbsp;internal medicine, surgery, and pediatrics; and practical applications like&nbsp;pharmacology, diagnostic procedures, and patient management. Additionally, crucial areas include&nbsp;public health&nbsp;(sanitation, vaccination),&nbsp;family medicine&nbsp;(addressing a wide range of patient needs), and increasingly,&nbsp;community medicine&nbsp;(epidemiology, health indicators), and&nbsp;interdisciplinary fields&nbsp;like addiction medicine, forensic medicine, and genomic medicine.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Definition-2\"><\/span><strong>1. Definition<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Practice of Medicine<\/strong> is the branch of medical science that deals with the <strong>diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases<\/strong> using clinical knowledge and skills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Scope_of_Practice_of_Medicine\"><\/span><strong>2. Scope of Practice of Medicine<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>History taking<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Physical examination<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Diagnosis of disease<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Medical management (drug &amp; non-drug)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prevention of disease<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Follow-up care<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Components_of_Practice_of_Medicine\"><\/span><strong>3. Components of Practice of Medicine<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_History_Taking\"><\/span><strong>A. History Taking<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Chief complaints<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>History of present illness<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Past medical history<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Drug history<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Family and social history<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B_Physical_Examination\"><\/span><strong>B. Physical Examination<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>General examination<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Systemic examination (CVS, RS, CNS, GIT, etc.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"C_Diagnosis\"><\/span><strong>C. Diagnosis<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Provisional diagnosis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Differential diagnosis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Confirmed diagnosis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"D_Treatment\"><\/span><strong>D. Treatment<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Drug therapy<\/strong> (medicines)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Non-drug therapy<\/strong> (diet, rest, exercise, physiotherapy)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"E_Prevention_of_Disease\"><\/span><strong>E. Prevention of Disease<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Primary prevention (immunization, health education)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Secondary prevention (early diagnosis)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tertiary prevention (rehabilitation)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Common_Diseases_Studied_in_Practice_of_Medicine\"><\/span><strong>4. Common Diseases Studied in Practice of Medicine<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hypertension<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Diabetes mellitus<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bronchial asthma<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tuberculosis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Anemia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Heart disease<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Peptic ulcer disease<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hematology-1_For_LMAF_Course_1_Year\"><\/span>Hematology-1 For LMAF Course 1 Year<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Important hematology topics include&nbsp;anemias,&nbsp;bleeding and clotting disorders&nbsp;(like hemophilia),&nbsp;malignancies&nbsp;(leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma),&nbsp;blood transfusions, and&nbsp;bone marrow and stem cell transplantation. Other key subjects are blood composition, plasma proteins, and the basics of hematopoiesis and hemostasis.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Introduction_to_Hematology\"><\/span><strong>1. Introduction to Hematology<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hematology<\/strong> is the branch of medical science concerned with the <strong>study of blood<\/strong>, blood-forming organs (bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes), and <strong>blood disorders<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Functions of blood (overview):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Transport of oxygen, nutrients, hormones<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Removal of carbon dioxide and waste<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Regulation of body temperature and pH<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protection against infection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prevention of blood loss (clotting)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Composition_of_Blood\"><\/span><strong>2. Composition of Blood<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Total blood volume \u2248 <strong>5\u20136 liters<\/strong> in adults.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Plasma_%E2%89%8855\"><\/span><strong>A. Plasma (\u224855%)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Plasma is the liquid part of blood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Components:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Water (90\u201392%)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Plasma proteins<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Albumin<\/strong> \u2013 maintains osmotic pressure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Globulin<\/strong> \u2013 immunity (antibodies)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Fibrinogen<\/strong> \u2013 blood clotting<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Electrolytes<\/strong> \u2013 Na\u207a, K\u207a, Ca\u00b2\u207a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nutrients<\/strong> \u2013 glucose, amino acids, lipids<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hormones &amp; enzymes<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Waste products<\/strong> \u2013 urea, creatinine<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Functions of Plasma:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Maintains blood pressure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transport medium<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Helps in clotting and immunity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Formed_Elements_of_Blood\"><\/span><strong>3. Formed Elements of Blood<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Red_Blood_Cells_RBCs_Erythrocytes\"><\/span><strong>A. Red Blood Cells (RBCs \/ Erythrocytes)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Structure:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Biconcave, non-nucleated<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Diameter \u2248 7.5 \u00b5m<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Normal Count:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Male: <strong>5\u20136 million\/mm\u00b3<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Female: <strong>4\u20135 million\/mm\u00b3<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hemoglobin (Hb):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Iron-containing protein<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Carries oxygen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Life Span:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Approximately <strong>120 days<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Functions:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Oxygen transport<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Carbon dioxide transport<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Acid\u2013base balance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>RBC Disorders:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Anemia<\/strong> \u2013 low RBC or Hb<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Polycythemia<\/strong> \u2013 increased RBC count<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B_White_Blood_Cells_WBCs_Leukocytes\"><\/span><strong>B. White Blood Cells (WBCs \/ Leukocytes)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Normal Count:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>4,000\u201311,000\/mm\u00b3<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Function:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Body defense and immunity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_WBCs\"><\/span><strong>Types of WBCs<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Neutrophils_60%E2%80%9370\"><\/span><strong>1. Neutrophils (60\u201370%)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>First line of defense<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fight bacterial infection<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Lymphocytes_20%E2%80%9330\"><\/span><strong>2. Lymphocytes (20\u201330%)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>B cells \u2013 antibody production<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T cells \u2013 cell-mediated immunity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Monocytes_2%E2%80%938\"><\/span><strong>3. Monocytes (2\u20138%)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Phagocytosis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Become macrophages<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Eosinophils_1%E2%80%934\"><\/span><strong>4. Eosinophils (1\u20134%)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Allergic reactions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Parasitic infections<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Basophils_05%E2%80%931\"><\/span><strong>5. Basophils (0.5\u20131%)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Release histamine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inflammation and allergy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>WBC Disorders:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Leukocytosis<\/strong> \u2013 increased WBC<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Leukopenia<\/strong> \u2013 decreased WBC<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Leukemia<\/strong> \u2013 cancer of blood cells<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"C_Platelets_Thrombocytes\"><\/span><strong>C. Platelets (Thrombocytes)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Normal Count:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>150,000\u2013400,000\/mm\u00b3<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Life Span:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>7\u201310 days<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Function:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Blood clotting<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prevention of bleeding<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Disorder:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Thrombocytopenia<\/strong> \u2013 low platelet count<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Hemostasis_Blood_Clotting\"><\/span><strong>4. Hemostasis (Blood Clotting)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Steps:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Vasoconstriction<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Platelet plug formation<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Coagulation<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Fibrinogen \u2192 Fibrin (clot formation)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Importance:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Prevents excessive blood loss<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Hemoglobin_Hb_in_Detail\"><\/span><strong>5. Hemoglobin (Hb) in Detail<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Normal Values:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Male: <strong>13\u201318 g\/dL<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Female: <strong>12\u201316 g\/dL<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Functions:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Oxygen transport<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maintains blood pH<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Abnormalities:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Low Hb \u2192 anemia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>High Hb \u2192 polycythemia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Blood_Groups\"><\/span><strong>6. Blood Groups<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ABO_Blood_Group_System\"><\/span><strong>ABO Blood Group System<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Group A<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Group B<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Group AB<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Group O<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rh_Factor\"><\/span><strong>Rh Factor<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Rh positive<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rh negative<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Importance:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Safe blood transfusion<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pregnancy (Rh incompatibility)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Blood_Formation_Hematopoiesis\"><\/span><strong>7. Blood Formation (Hematopoiesis)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Site:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bone marrow (main site)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Process:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Stem cells \u2192 RBCs, WBCs, platelets<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Clinical_Importance_of_Hematology\"><\/span><strong>8. Clinical Importance of Hematology<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Diagnosis of anemia and infections<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Monitoring treatment response<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Blood transfusion safety<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Management of bleeding disorders<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pathology_for_DMS_Course_1_Year\"><\/span>Pathology for DMS Course 1 Year<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pathology is&nbsp;the medical science of studying diseases\u2014their causes, mechanisms, and effects\u2014primarily by examining tissues, cells, and body fluids (like blood\/urine) in labs to diagnose illnesses, guide treatment, and monitor health, acting as the crucial link between basic science and clinical medicine, often involving microscopic analysis of biopsies, genetic testing, and&nbsp;microbiology.&nbsp;Pathologists are doctors specializing in this lab-based diagnosis, making critical decisions for cancer, infections, and chronic diseases, even performing autopsies to understand death.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Key Aspects of Pathology<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Study of Disease:<\/strong>&nbsp;Investigates how diseases start (etiology) and develop (pathogenesis).&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Diagnostic Focus:<\/strong>&nbsp;Analyzes samples (biopsies, blood, urine) to find abnormalities.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Core Disciplines:<\/strong>&nbsp;Includes histology (tissues), cytology (cells), microbiology (germs), clinical chemistry, and molecular pathology (genetics).&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tools &amp; Techniques:<\/strong>&nbsp;Uses microscopes, special stains, immunological markers, and genetic tests.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Clinical Role:<\/strong>&nbsp;Provides vital information for surgeons, oncologists, and other clinicians to diagnose, treat, and manage conditions like cancer, infections, and autoimmune disorders.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>What Pathologists Do<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Examine Specimens:<\/strong>&nbsp;Look at tissue under a microscope for signs of cancer, inflammation, or infection.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Perform Tests:<\/strong>&nbsp;Analyze blood for chemical imbalances or infectious agents.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Consult:<\/strong>&nbsp;Work with other doctors to determine the best course of treatment.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Conduct Autopsies:<\/strong>&nbsp;Investigate deaths to determine cause and manner.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Modern Advancements<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Digital Pathology:&nbsp;Digitizing slides for easier sharing and analysis.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>AI in Diagnostics:&nbsp;Using artificial intelligence to spot patterns and improve accuracy.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Molecular Pathology:&nbsp;Analyzing DNA and RNA for targeted therapies, especially in cancer.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Definition-3\"><\/span><strong>1. Definition<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pathology<\/strong> is the branch of medical science that studies:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The <strong>causes<\/strong> of disease (<strong>etiology<\/strong>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>mechanism of disease development<\/strong> (<strong>pathogenesis<\/strong>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>structural and functional changes<\/strong> in tissues and organs (<strong>morphology<\/strong>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>effects of disease on the body<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be \u09b8\u0982\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be:<\/strong><br>\u09aa\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a5\u09b2\u099c\u09bf \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3, \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b6 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be, \u0985\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u2013\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Branches_of_Pathology\"><\/span><strong>2. Branches of Pathology<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>General Pathology<\/strong> \u2013 Study of disease processes common to all organs (e.g., inflammation, necrosis)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Systemic Pathology<\/strong> \u2013 Study of diseases of specific organs or systems (e.g., cardiovascular, respiratory)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Clinical Pathology<\/strong> \u2013 Laboratory study of blood, urine, body fluids for diagnosis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Forensic Pathology<\/strong> \u2013 Study of death, injury, and crime-related pathology<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Molecular Pathology<\/strong> \u2013 Study of diseases at cellular and molecular level<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Etiology_Causes_of_Disease\"><\/span><strong>3. Etiology (Causes of Disease)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Genetic<\/strong> \u2013 inherited conditions (e.g., sickle cell anemia)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Infectious<\/strong> \u2013 bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Physical<\/strong> \u2013 trauma, burns, radiation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Chemical<\/strong> \u2013 poisons, toxins, drugs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nutritional<\/strong> \u2013 deficiency or excess (e.g., scurvy, obesity)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Immune<\/strong> \u2013 autoimmune diseases<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Pathogenesis_Mechanism_of_Disease\"><\/span><strong>4. Pathogenesis (Mechanism of Disease)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How the disease develops in the body<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Example: <strong>Atherosclerosis<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Fat deposits in arteries \u2192 narrowing \u2192 reduced blood flow \u2192 heart attack<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Morphological_Changes\"><\/span><strong>5. Morphological Changes<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Gross Changes:<\/strong> visible changes in organs (e.g., enlarged liver)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Microscopic Changes:<\/strong> cellular changes under microscope (e.g., inflammation, necrosis)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Common_Pathological_Processes\"><\/span><strong>6. Common Pathological Processes<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Inflammation<\/strong> \u2013 Body\u2019s response to injury or infection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Degeneration<\/strong> \u2013 Deterioration of cells<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Necrosis<\/strong> \u2013 Cell death<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Neoplasia<\/strong> \u2013 Uncontrolled cell growth (benign or malignant)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hemodynamic Disorders<\/strong> \u2013 Bleeding, clotting, edema<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Infections<\/strong> \u2013 Bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cardiovascular_Anatomy_for_LMAF_Course_1_Year\"><\/span>Cardiovascular Anatomy for LMAF Course 1 Year<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Cardiovascular anatomy&nbsp;involves the heart (a four-chambered pump), blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood, forming circuits to deliver oxygen\/nutrients and remove waste, divided into pulmonary (heart-lungs) and&nbsp;systemic (heart-body)&nbsp;loops, crucial for body function. Key structures include the atria (receiving chambers), ventricles (pumping chambers), four valves (tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic) controlling flow, and major vessels like the aorta, vena cavae, and&nbsp;pulmonary arteries\/veins, all working to circulate life-sustaining blood.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Heart: The Central Pump<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Chambers<\/strong>: Four chambers: Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Valves<\/strong>: Four one-way valves ensure proper blood flow: Tricuspid, Pulmonary, Mitral (Bicuspid), Aortic.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Septum<\/strong>: Muscular walls separating the right and left sides (interatrial and interventricular septum).&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Blood Vessels: The Network&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Arteries<\/strong>: Carry oxygenated blood&nbsp;<em>away<\/em>&nbsp;from the heart (e.g., Aorta, Pulmonary Artery).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Veins<\/strong>: Return deoxygenated blood&nbsp;<em>to<\/em>&nbsp;the heart (e.g., Vena Cavae, Pulmonary Veins).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Capillaries<\/strong>: Tiny vessels connecting arterioles and venules, where nutrient\/gas exchange occurs.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The Two Circuits<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pulmonary Circulation: Right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to get oxygen, then back to the left heart.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Systemic Circulation: Left side pumps oxygenated blood to the body&#8217;s tissues, and deoxygenated blood returns to the right heart.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Blood Flow Through the Heart (Simplified)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Deoxygenated blood enters Right Atrium (from Vena Cavae).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Right Atrium to Right Ventricle (through Tricuspid Valve).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Right Ventricle to Lungs (through Pulmonary Valve &amp; Artery).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Oxygenated blood returns to Left Atrium (from Pulmonary Veins).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Left Atrium to Left Ventricle (through Mitral Valve).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Left Ventricle pumps to the body (through Aortic Valve &amp; Aorta).&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Orthopedic_Anatomy_for_LMAF_Course_1_Year\"><\/span>Orthopedic Anatomy for LMAF Course 1 Year<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Definition-4\"><\/span><strong>1. Definition<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Orthopedic Anatomy<\/strong> is the study of the <strong>musculoskeletal system<\/strong>\u2014bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, and tendons\u2014<strong>in relation to movement, posture, and injury management<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be \u09b8\u0982\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be:<\/strong><br>\u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09cb\u09aa\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u099f\u09ae\u09bf \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb \u09b9\u09be\u09a1\u09bc, \u099c\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f, \u09aa\u09c7\u09b6\u09c0, \u09b2\u09bf\u0997\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u099f\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8 \u0993 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995 \u09af\u09be <strong>\u099a\u09b2\u09be\u099a\u09b2, \u09ad\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09bf \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0986\u0998\u09be\u09a4 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09a8\u09be\u09af\u09bc<\/strong> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Components_of_Orthopedic_Anatomy\"><\/span><strong>2. Components of Orthopedic Anatomy<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Bones_Skeletal_System\"><\/span><strong>A. Bones (Skeletal System)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Provide support, shape, and protection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sites of muscle attachment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Store calcium and produce blood cells (bone marrow)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Major Bones for Orthopedics:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Axial Skeleton:<\/strong> Skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Appendicular Skeleton:<\/strong> Shoulder girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, lower limb<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B_Joints_Articulations\"><\/span><strong>B. Joints (Articulations)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sites where <strong>two or more bones meet<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Allow movement and provide stability<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Types of Joints:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Fibrous (Immovable):<\/strong> Skull sutures<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cartilaginous (Slightly movable):<\/strong> Vertebral discs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Synovial (Freely movable):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ball and socket: Shoulder, hip<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hinge: Elbow, knee<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pivot: Atlas-axis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Saddle: Thumb<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Plane: Carpals<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"C_Muscles\"><\/span><strong>C. Muscles<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Responsible for movement and posture<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Convert chemical energy (ATP) into mechanical force<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Types:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Skeletal (voluntary, striated)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Smooth (involuntary, visceral)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cardiac (heart)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Muscle Groups Common in Orthopedics:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Upper limb: Biceps, triceps, deltoid<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lower limb: Quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Back: Erector spinae<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"D_Ligaments\"><\/span><strong>D. Ligaments<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Connect <strong>bone to bone<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provide <strong>joint stability<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Example: ACL, PCL (knee), MCL, LCL<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"E_Tendons\"><\/span><strong>E. Tendons<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Connect <strong>muscle to bone<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transmit force to cause movement<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Example: Achilles tendon<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Important_Orthopedic_Regions\"><\/span><strong>3. Important Orthopedic Regions<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Spine:<\/strong> Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Upper Limb:<\/strong> Shoulder, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, hand<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Lower Limb:<\/strong> Hip, thigh, knee, leg, ankle, foot<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pelvis:<\/strong> Supports body weight, connects spine and lower limbs<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Common_Orthopedic_Terms\"><\/span><strong>4. Common Orthopedic Terms<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Fracture:<\/strong> Break in a bone<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Dislocation:<\/strong> Bone moves out of joint<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Subluxation:<\/strong> Partial dislocation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sprain:<\/strong> Ligament injury<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Strain:<\/strong> Muscle or tendon injury<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Osteoporosis:<\/strong> Bone loss<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Arthritis:<\/strong> Joint inflammation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Antimicrobial_Drug_For_LMAF_Course_1_Year\"><\/span>Antimicrobial Drug For LMAF Course 1 Year<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Antimicrobial drugs are&nbsp;medicines that fight infections from microbes like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, working by killing the germs (bactericidal\/fungicidal) or stopping them from multiplying (bacteriostatic\/fungistatic).&nbsp;They&#8217;re categorized by target (antibiotics for bacteria, antivirals for viruses, antifungals for fungi, antiparasitics for parasites) and spectrum (broad-spectrum for many microbes or narrow-spectrum for specific ones).&nbsp;These drugs are crucial for treating infections in humans, animals, and plants, but overuse leads to&nbsp;antimicrobial resistance,&nbsp;where microbes evolve to resist the drugs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Types of Antimicrobial Drugs<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Antibiotics<\/strong>:&nbsp;Target bacteria, like penicillin (narrow-spectrum) or broad-spectrum types.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Antivirals:<\/strong>&nbsp;Combat viruses, like baloxavir (Xofluza).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Antifungals:<\/strong>&nbsp;Treat fungal infections (e.g., azoles).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Antiparasitics:<\/strong>&nbsp;Fight parasites causing diseases like malaria (e.g., metronidazole, albendazole).&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>How They Work (Mechanisms)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Cell Wall Disruption:<\/strong>&nbsp;Some antibiotics stop bacteria from building their cell walls.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Metabolic Pathway Interference:<\/strong>&nbsp;Drugs like sulfa drugs block essential processes, such as folic acid synthesis, needed for microbial growth.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Protein\/Nucleic Acid Inhibition:<\/strong>&nbsp;Disrupting the production of proteins or DNA\/RNA.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Key Concepts<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Selective Toxicity:<\/strong>&nbsp;The goal is to harm the microbe without harming the host&#8217;s cells.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Broad vs. Narrow Spectrum:<\/strong>&nbsp;Broad-spectrum drugs kill many types of microbes;&nbsp;narrow-spectrum drugs target a specific few.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Antimicrobial Resistance&nbsp;(AMR):<\/strong>&nbsp;Microorganisms stop responding to drugs, a major global health threat.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>LMAF Course 1 Year Details LMAF Course 1 Years : Mobile Number. 01987073965,01797522136.Hotline- The full Meaning of LMAF is(Local Medical Assistant &amp; Family welfare). A LMAF course of 1 Year 1 duration is a Short Type of LMAF course in Bangladesh This Course contains 10 subject in 2 semesters. The 1st Semester contains 5 subject &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2066","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","","category-lmaf","category-diploma"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2066","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2066"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2066\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2734,"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2066\/revisions\/2734"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2066"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2066"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2066"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}