{"id":2196,"date":"2026-01-07T15:36:51","date_gmt":"2026-01-07T09:36:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/?p=2196"},"modified":"2026-01-13T15:04:53","modified_gmt":"2026-01-13T09:04:53","slug":"diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/","title":{"rendered":"Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years\" >Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Location_of_Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years\" >Location of Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Course_Fee_for_Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years_in_Dhaka_Bangladesh\" >Course Fee for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years in Dhaka, Bangladesh<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years_Admission_Eligibility\" >Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years Admission Eligibility<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Documents_for_Admission_in_Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years\" >Documents for Admission in Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Hostel_Facilities_in_HRTD_Medical_Institute\" >Hostel Facilities in HRTD Medical Institute<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Teachers_For_Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years\" >Teachers For Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Subjects_for_Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years\" >Subjects for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#1st_Semester_Subjects\" >1st Semester Subjects<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#2nd_Semester_Subjects\" >2nd Semester Subjects<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#3rd_Semester_Subjects\" >3rd Semester Subjects<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#4th_Semester_Subjects\" >4th Semester Subjects<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Practical_Class_for_Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years\" >Practical Class for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Some_Practical_Details_Given_Below_for_Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years\" >Some Practical Details Given Below for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#CBC_Test\" >CBC Test<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Total_Count_TC_Blood_Test\" >Total Count (TC) Blood Test<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Differential_Count_DC_Blood_Test\" >Differential Count (DC) Blood Test<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#ESR_Blood_Test\" >ESR Blood Test<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Hemoglobin_Test\" >Hemoglobin Test<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Bleeding_Time\" >Bleeding Time<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Clotting_Time\" >Clotting Time<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#HBsAg_Test\" >HBsAg Test<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Dengue_Test\" >Dengue Test<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Chikongunia_Test\" >Chikongunia Test<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#A_Liver_Function_Test\" >A Liver Function Test<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Kidney_Profile_Test\" >Kidney Profile Test<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Some_Subject_Details_for_Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years\" >Some Subject Details for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Anatomy_Physiology_for_Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years\" >Anatomy &amp; Physiology for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Major_Systems_of_the_Human_Body\" >Major Systems of the Human Body<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Relationship_Between_Anatomy_Physiology\" >Relationship Between Anatomy &amp; Physiology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B\" >\u0995\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09ae \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#1_Skeletal_System\" >1. Skeletal System<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#2_Muscular_System\" >2. Muscular System<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#3_Nervous_System\" >3. Nervous System<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#4_Cardiovascular_System\" >4. Cardiovascular System<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#5_Respiratory_System\" >5. Respiratory System<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#6_Digestive_System\" >6. Digestive System<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Pharmacology-1_for_Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years\" >Pharmacology-1 for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#1_Definition_of_Pharmacology\" >1. Definition of Pharmacology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#2_Drug_%E2%80%93_Definition\" >2. Drug \u2013 Definition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#3_Branches_of_Pharmacology\" >3. Branches of Pharmacology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-42\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#4_Pharmacokinetics_ADME\" >4. Pharmacokinetics (ADME)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-43\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#5_Pharmacodynamics\" >5. Pharmacodynamics<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-44\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#6_Routes_of_Drug_Administration\" >6. Routes of Drug Administration<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-45\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#7_Types_of_Drugs\" >7. Types of Drugs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-46\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#8_Adverse_Drug_Reactions_ADR\" >8. Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-47\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#9_Importance_of_Pharmacology_for_Nurses_Physiotherapists\" >9. Importance of Pharmacology for Nurses \/ Physiotherapists<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-48\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#10_Common_Terms\" >10. Common Terms<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-49\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Study_of_OTC_Drugs_for_Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years\" >Study of OTC Drugs for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-50\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Definition\" >Definition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-51\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Purpose_of_OTC_Drugs\" >Purpose of OTC Drugs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-52\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Characteristics_of_OTC_Drugs\" >Characteristics of OTC Drugs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-53\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Classification_of_OTC_Drugs\" >Classification of OTC Drugs<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-54\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#1_Analgesics_Antipyretics\" >1. Analgesics &amp; Antipyretics<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-55\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#2_Antacids\" >2. Antacids<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-56\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#3_Cough_Cold_Preparations\" >3. Cough &amp; Cold Preparations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-57\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#4_Antihistamines\" >4. Antihistamines<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-58\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#5_Antidiarrheal_Drugs\" >5. Antidiarrheal Drugs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-59\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#6_Laxatives\" >6. Laxatives<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-60\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#7_Topical_Preparations\" >7. Topical Preparations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-61\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#8_Vitamins_Minerals\" >8. Vitamins &amp; Minerals<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-62\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Dosage_Forms_of_OTC_Drugs\" >Dosage Forms of OTC Drugs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-63\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Advantages_of_OTC_Drugs\" >Advantages of OTC Drugs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-64\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#First_Aid_for_Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years\" >First Aid for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-65\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Definition-2\" >Definition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-66\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Aims_of_First_Aid\" >Aims of First Aid<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-67\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Principles_of_First_Aid\" >Principles of First Aid<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-68\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#First_Aid_%E2%80%93_Primary_Survey_DRABC\" >First Aid \u2013 Primary Survey (DRABC)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-69\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Basic_First_Aid_Procedures\" >Basic First Aid Procedures<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-70\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#2_Burns\" >2. Burns<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-71\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#3_Fractures\" >3. Fractures<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-72\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#4_Fainting\" >4. Fainting<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-73\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#5_Nose_Bleeding_Epistaxis\" >5. Nose Bleeding (Epistaxis)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-74\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#6_Choking\" >6. Choking<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-75\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#7_Poisoning\" >7. Poisoning<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-76\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#8_Snake_Bite\" >8. Snake Bite<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-77\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#CPR_Cardiopulmonary_Resuscitation\" >CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-78\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Steps\" >Steps<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-79\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#First_Aid_Kit_%E2%80%93_Contents\" >First Aid Kit \u2013 Contents<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-80\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Practice_of_Medicine_for_Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years\" >Practice of Medicine for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-81\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Definition-3\" >Definition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-82\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Objectives_of_Practice_of_Medicine\" >Objectives of Practice of Medicine<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-83\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Scope_of_Practice_of_Medicine\" >Scope of Practice of Medicine<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-84\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Components_of_Practice_of_Medicine\" >Components of Practice of Medicine<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-85\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#1_History_Taking\" >1. History Taking<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-86\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#2_Physical_Examination\" >2. Physical Examination<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-87\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#3_Diagnosis\" >3. Diagnosis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-88\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#4_Investigations\" >4. Investigations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-89\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#5_Treatment\" >5. Treatment<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-90\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Common_Diseases_Studied_in_Practice_of_Medicine\" >Common Diseases Studied in Practice of Medicine<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-91\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Cardiovascular_Diseases\" >Cardiovascular Diseases<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-92\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Respiratory_Diseases\" >Respiratory Diseases<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-93\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Gastrointestinal_Diseases\" >Gastrointestinal Diseases<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-94\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Endocrine_Diseases\" >Endocrine Diseases<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-95\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Neurological_Diseases\" >Neurological Diseases<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-96\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Infectious_Diseases\" >Infectious Diseases<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-97\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Hematology_for_Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years\" >Hematology for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-98\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Composition_of_Blood\" >Composition of Blood<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-99\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#A_Plasma_%E2%89%8855\" >A. Plasma (\u224855%)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-100\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Formed_Elements_of_Blood\" >Formed Elements of Blood<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-101\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#A_Red_Blood_Cells_RBCs_Erythrocytes\" >A. Red Blood Cells (RBCs \/ Erythrocytes)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-102\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#B_White_Blood_Cells_WBCs_Leukocytes\" >B. White Blood Cells (WBCs \/ Leukocytes)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-103\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Types_of_WBCs\" >Types of WBCs<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-104\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#1_Neutrophils_60%E2%80%9370\" >1. Neutrophils (60\u201370%)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-105\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#2_Lymphocytes_20%E2%80%9330\" >2. Lymphocytes (20\u201330%)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-106\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#3_Monocytes_2%E2%80%938\" >3. Monocytes (2\u20138%)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-107\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#4_Eosinophils_1%E2%80%934\" >4. Eosinophils (1\u20134%)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-108\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#5_Basophils_05%E2%80%931\" >5. Basophils (0.5\u20131%)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-109\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#C_Platelets_Thrombocytes\" >C. Platelets (Thrombocytes)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-110\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Hemostasis_Blood_Clotting\" >Hemostasis (Blood Clotting)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-111\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Hemoglobin_Hb_in_Detail\" >Hemoglobin (Hb) in Detail<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-112\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Blood_Groups\" >Blood Groups<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-113\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#ABO_Blood_Group_System\" >ABO Blood Group System<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-114\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Rh_Factor\" >Rh Factor<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-115\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Blood_Formation_Hematopoiesis\" >Blood Formation (Hematopoiesis)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-116\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Clinical_Importance_of_Hematology\" >Clinical Importance of Hematology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-117\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#Pathology_for_DMS_Course_2_Years\" >Pathology for DMS Course 2 Years<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-118\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#1_Definition\" >1. Definition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-119\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#2_Branches_of_Pathology\" >2. Branches of Pathology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-120\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#3_Etiology_Causes_of_Disease\" >3. Etiology (Causes of Disease)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-121\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#4_Pathogenesis_Mechanism_of_Disease\" >4. Pathogenesis (Mechanism of Disease)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-122\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#5_Morphological_Changes\" >5. Morphological Changes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-123\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/01\/07\/diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years\/#6_Common_Pathological_Processes\" >6. Common Pathological Processes<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years\"><\/span>Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.hrtdmi.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years.<\/a> <strong>Phone Number 01797522136, 01987073965<\/strong>. Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years is a short Pathology course in Bangladesh. The short form of this course is (DPA). This Pathology Course 2 Years contains 18 subjects. Total exam marks 1800. After completing this Pathology course, students can easily take a job in a diagnostic center, pathology laboratory, or pathology research laboratory in any country in the World. Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years is available in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrtdmi.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HRTD Medical Institute<\/a>. HRTD Medical Institute is an Organization of HRTD Limited, which is registered by the Government of the People&#8217;s Republic of Bangladesh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/DMS-Course-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Diploma Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years\n\" class=\"wp-image-1288\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/DMS-Course-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/DMS-Course-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/DMS-Course-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/DMS-Course-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/DMS-Course.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Location_of_Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years\"><\/span>Location of Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Location of Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years Training Institute. Number.01987073965. 01941123488, 01797522136. HRTD Medical Institute , Abdul Ali Madbor Mention, Section-6, Block-Kha, Road-1, Plot-11, Mirpur-10 (Gol-Chattar) Metro Rail Pilar NO-249, Dhaka-1216. It is situated by the West Side of Agrani Bank, the South Side of Fire Service, Islami Bank, Janata Bank, Social Islami Bank, Medinova, Ibrahim Diabetic Hospital, the North Side of Baitul Mamur Jame Mosjid, Grave of Baitul Mamur Jame Mosjid, and East Side of Maliha Apartment<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Pathology for Medical Practice_ Dr. Anika, MBBS_ Lecture in HRTD Medical Institute\" width=\"618\" height=\"348\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ZHvf4ltAN0c?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Course_Fee_for_Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years_in_Dhaka_Bangladesh\"><\/span>Course Fee for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years in Dhaka, Bangladesh<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Admission Fee=16,500\/-,Monthly Fee 3000&#215;24=72,000\/-,Exam Fee=1000&#215;4=4,000\/-, Total Course Fee=92,500\/-.Books Fee for Every Semester 1,500\/-.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years_Admission_Eligibility\"><\/span>Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years Admission Eligibility<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years Admission Eligibility. Mobile Number. 01987073965. 01941123488, 01797522136. SSC or Equivalent\/HSC\/ Degree\/ Masters from any Background (Science\/ Arts\/ Commerce\/ Technical).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"905\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/IMG_20251224_170251-1024x905.jpg\" alt=\"Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years\" class=\"wp-image-2259\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/IMG_20251224_170251-1024x905.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/IMG_20251224_170251-300x265.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/IMG_20251224_170251-768x679.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/IMG_20251224_170251-1536x1358.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/IMG_20251224_170251-2048x1811.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Documents_for_Admission_in_Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years\"><\/span>Documents for Admission in Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p> Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years in Dhaka. <strong>Mobile No: 01987-073965, 01797-522136<\/strong>. HRTD Medical Institute. Document Needed: Photocopy of Certificate, Photocopy of NID, Passport Size Photo 4 Pcs. Without NID, a Birth Certificate is allowed for an emergency case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hostel_Facilities_in_HRTD_Medical_Institute\"><\/span>Hostel Facilities in HRTD Medical Institute<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hostel &amp; Meal Facilities<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Institute has hostel facilities for the students. Students can take a bed&nbsp;in the hostel.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hostel Fee&nbsp;Tk 3000\/- Per Month<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Meal Charges&nbsp;Tk 3000\/- Per Month. ( Approximately )<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u09b9\u09cb\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b2 \u0993 \u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09be<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0987\u09a8\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u0989\u099f\u09c7 \u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b9\u09cb\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09b2 \u09b8\u09c1\u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09be \u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u099b\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09cb\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u099b\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u09b9\u09cb\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09b2 \u09ab\u09bf&nbsp;3000\/- \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u09ae\u09be\u09b8\u09c7,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c&nbsp;3000\/- \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u09ae\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u0964(\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Teachers_For_Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years\"><\/span>Teachers For Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dr. Md. Sakulur Rahman, MBBS, CCD (BIRDEM), Course Director<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Sanjana Binte Ahmed, BDS, MPH, Assistant Course Director<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Tisha, MBBS, PGT Gyne, Assistant Course Director<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Suhana, MBBS, PGT Medicine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Danial Hoque, MBBS, C-Card<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Tisha, MBBS <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Afrin Jahan, MBBS, PGT Medicine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Ananna, MBBS<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Lamia Afroze, MBBS<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Amena Afroze Anu, MBBS, PGT Gyne, Assistant Course Director<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Farhana Antara, MBBS,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Nazmun Nahar Juthi, BDS, PGT <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Farhana Sharna, MBBS<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Bushra, MBBS<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Turzo, MBBS<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Kamrunnahar Keya, BDS, PGT (Dhaka Dental College)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Shamima, MBBS, PGT Gyne<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Alamin, MBBS<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Benzir Belal, MBBS<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Disha, MBBS<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Mahinul Islam, MBBS<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Tisha, MBBS, PGT Medicine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Anika, MBBS, PGT<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Jannatul Ferdous, MBBS, PGT Gyne<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Jannatul Aman, MBBS, PGT<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Rayhan, BPT<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Abu Hurayra, BPT<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Sharmin Ankhi, MBBS, PGT Medicine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Md. Monir Hossain, B Pharm, M Pharm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Md. Monirul Islam, B Pharm, M Pharm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Md. Feroj Ahmed, BSc Pathology, PDT Medicine<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Subjects_for_Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years\"><\/span>Subjects for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p> Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years .This Course Contains 18 Subject in 4 Semester. Mobile Number: 01987073965,01797-522136<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1st_Semester_Subjects\"><\/span>1st Semester Subjects<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Human Anatomy &amp; Physiology-1<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pharmacology-1<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Study of OTC Drugs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>First Aid-1 &amp; 2 &amp; Practice of Medicine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hematology &amp; Pathology for Medical Practice<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2nd_Semester_Subjects\"><\/span>2nd Semester Subjects<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>General Pathology<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Microbiology and Hematology<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Systemic pathology <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Biochemistry <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Clinical Biochemistry<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3rd_Semester_Subjects\"><\/span>3rd Semester Subjects<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Clinical Pathology<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4th_Semester_Subjects\"><\/span>4th Semester Subjects<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Practical_Class_for_Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years\"><\/span>Practical Class for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>CBC Test<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Total Count (TC) Blood Test<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Differential Count (DC) Blood Test<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ESR Blood Test<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hemoglobin  Test<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bleeding Time <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Clotting Time<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>HBsAg Test<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dengue Test<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chikongunia Test<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Liver Function Test<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kidney Profile Test, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Some_Practical_Details_Given_Below_for_Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years\"><\/span>Some Practical Details Given Below for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CBC_Test\"><\/span>CBC Test<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A CBC&nbsp;(Complete Blood Count)&nbsp;is a common blood test that&nbsp;measures and evaluates your red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, providing vital information about your overall health, helping diagnose conditions like anemia, infection, inflammation, and blood disorders such as leukemia, and monitoring treatments or responses to medications.&nbsp;It checks cell counts, hemoglobin (oxygen-carrying protein), hematocrit (red blood cell proportion), and often includes cell size (MCV).&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What it measures<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Red Blood Cells (RBCs):<\/strong>&nbsp;Carry oxygen;&nbsp;includes count, hemoglobin (Hgb), and hematocrit (Hct).&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>White Blood Cells (WBCs):<\/strong>&nbsp;Fight infection;&nbsp;includes total count and sometimes a &#8220;differential&#8221; to see types (neutrophils, lymphocytes, etc.).&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Platelets:<\/strong>&nbsp;Help blood clot.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV):<\/strong>&nbsp;Average size of your red blood cells.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Why it&#8217;s done<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Routine check-up:<\/strong>&nbsp;Part of a general physical.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Diagnose symptoms:<\/strong>&nbsp;Investigate fatigue, weakness, fever, bruising, or unexplained weight loss.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Find infections\/anemia:<\/strong>&nbsp;Detect underlying causes of illness.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Monitor health:<\/strong>&nbsp;Track chronic conditions or treatment effects (like chemotherapy).&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>How it&#8217;s done<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A healthcare professional draws a small blood sample, usually from a vein in your arm.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The sample goes to a lab for analysis.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It&#8217;s a quick procedure, and you can typically eat and drink normally beforehand.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>What the results mean<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Results vary by age, sex, and lab, but high or low levels can signal issues like anemia (low RBCs\/Hgb), infection (high WBCs), inflammation, or blood cancers.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A doctor interprets the results in context with your symptoms and other tests.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Total_Count_TC_Blood_Test\"><\/span>Total Count (TC) Blood Test<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A Total Count (TC) blood test, usually part of a CBC (Complete Blood Count),&nbsp;measures the total number of White Blood Cells (WBCs) in your blood, vital for fighting infections and diseases; abnormal levels (high or low) can signal inflammation, infection, autoimmune issues, or bone marrow problems, often alongside a Differential Count (DC) that breaks down WBC types (neutrophils, lymphocytes, etc.).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What TC (Total Count) Measures:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Total Leukocytes (WBCs):<\/strong>&nbsp;The overall count of all types of white blood cells, also called leucocytes, in a specific volume of blood.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Why It&#8217;s Done (Purpose):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Detect Infections:<\/strong>&nbsp;High counts (leukocytosis) often mean your body is fighting bacteria, viruses, or parasites.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Identify Inflammation:<\/strong>&nbsp;Can indicate chronic inflammation from conditions like arthritis or injuries.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Diagnose Disorders:<\/strong>&nbsp;Helps detect immune system problems, bone marrow disorders, or blood cancers like leukemia.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Monitor Health:<\/strong>&nbsp;Part of routine checks to assess general health and response to treatment.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>When It&#8217;s Recommended:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>As part of a routine checkup (CBC).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>When you have symptoms like fever, fatigue, or signs of infection.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To investigate unexplained weight loss, autoimmune issues, or suspected blood disorders.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Key Related Tests:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>DC&nbsp;(Differential Count):<\/strong>&nbsp;Breaks down the TC into percentages of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, giving more specific clues about the cause of an issue.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>ESR&nbsp;(Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate):<\/strong>&nbsp;Measures inflammation.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Interpreting Results:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>High TC (Leukocytosis):<\/strong>&nbsp;Infection (bacterial\/viral), inflammation, stress, tissue damage, leukemia.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Low TC (Leukopenia):<\/strong>&nbsp;Viral infections, autoimmune diseases, bone marrow problems, certain medications (like chemotherapy).&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>How It&#8217;s Done:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A simple blood sample is drawn from a vein, usually requiring no special preparation unless done with other tests that need fastin<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Differential_Count_DC_Blood_Test\"><\/span>Differential Count (DC) Blood Test<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A Differential Count (DC) blood test&nbsp;analyzes the different types of white blood cells (WBCs) \u2013&nbsp;neutrophils,&nbsp;lymphocytes,&nbsp;monocytes,&nbsp;eosinophils, and&nbsp;basophils&nbsp;\u2013 to help diagnose infections, inflammation, autoimmune disorders, leukemia, and allergic reactions, often as part of a Complete Blood Count (CBC). It provides crucial insights into immune system health by showing the proportion and absolute numbers of each WBC type, revealing underlying issues that a general WBC count might miss.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What it measures<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Neutrophils:<\/strong>&nbsp;Fight bacterial infections.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Lymphocytes:<\/strong>&nbsp;Target viruses and cancer cells (T cells, B cells).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Monocytes:<\/strong>&nbsp;Clean up dead cells and pathogens.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Eosinophils:<\/strong>&nbsp;Manage parasites and allergic responses.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Basophils:<\/strong>&nbsp;Release enzymes during allergic reactions.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Why it&#8217;s performed<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Diagnosing infections:<\/strong>&nbsp;Bacterial, viral, parasitic.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Detecting immune system issues:<\/strong>&nbsp;Autoimmune diseases, immune disorders.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Monitoring conditions:<\/strong>&nbsp;Inflammatory diseases, blood cancers (leukemia).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Investigating symptoms:<\/strong>&nbsp;Fatigue, unexplained bruising, recurrent infections.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>How it works<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A blood sample is drawn from a vein.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A lab technician examines a blood smear under a microscope, counting and classifying 100-200 WBCs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The percentages of each WBC type are calculated and used with the total WBC count to find absolute values (e.g., Absolute Neutrophil Count) for more meaningful data.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Preparation &amp; Factors affecting results<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Preparation:<\/strong>&nbsp;Usually none required; fasting isn&#8217;t typically necessary.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Influencing factors:<\/strong>&nbsp;Stress, exercise, alcohol, diet, smoking, certain medications (like steroids) can affect results.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ESR_Blood_Test\"><\/span>ESR Blood Test<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>An ESR&nbsp;(Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)&nbsp;blood test&nbsp;measures how fast red blood cells settle in a tube, indicating inflammation in the body, used with other tests to check for conditions like arthritis, infections, autoimmune diseases (lupus, IBD), and monitor treatment effectiveness.&nbsp;A high ESR means faster settling due to inflammation-linked proteins causing red cells to clump, but it&#8217;s non-specific, so doctors use it alongside other diagnostics to find the cause.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What it detects<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Inflammation:<\/strong>&nbsp;The primary purpose is to detect general inflammatory activity.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Conditions:<\/strong>&nbsp;Helps monitor inflammatory or autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, vasculitis, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Infections:<\/strong>&nbsp;Can signal underlying infections.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Treatment Effectiveness:<\/strong>&nbsp;Shows if treatment for inflammatory conditions is working.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>How the test works<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A blood sample is taken from your arm.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Red blood cells&nbsp;(erythrocytes)&nbsp;are placed in a tall, thin tube.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The lab measures how quickly they fall to the bottom (sediment).&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>During inflammation, proteins make red cells clump and settle faster, increasing the ESR.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>What results mean<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Elevated ESR:<\/strong>&nbsp;Suggests inflammation or infection, but not a specific disease.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Lower than normal ESR:<\/strong>&nbsp;Can be linked to certain conditions, but high ESR is the key sign.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Normal Range:<\/strong>&nbsp;Varies by age and sex (e.g., generally under 15-20 mm\/hr for younger adults, higher for older adults).&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Key takeaway<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>An ESR is a general indicator, not a specific diagnosis;&nbsp;it signals &#8220;inflammation somewhere&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Doctors combine it with other tests to pinpoint the cause of inflammation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hemoglobin_Test\"><\/span>Hemoglobin Test<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A hemoglobin test&nbsp;measures the amount of the oxygen-carrying protein (hemoglobin) in your blood, usually as part of a complete blood count (CBC) to check general health, diagnose conditions like anemia, or monitor treatment for blood disorders, with results indicating if levels are too low (anemia) or high (polycythemia).&nbsp;It involves a simple blood draw, often from a finger or arm, and helps assess your red blood cells&#8217; oxygen capacity.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What it checks<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Oxygen transport:<\/strong>&nbsp;Hemoglobin in red blood cells carries oxygen from lungs to the body.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Red blood cell health:<\/strong>&nbsp;Provides clues about the health of your red blood cells.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Why it&#8217;s done<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Routine checkup:<\/strong>&nbsp;As part of a CBC to assess overall health.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Symptom investigation:<\/strong>&nbsp;For fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, or dizziness.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Diagnosing conditions:<\/strong>&nbsp;To find the cause of anemia, polycythemia vera, thalassemia, or other blood disorders.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Monitoring:<\/strong>&nbsp;To track conditions like anemia or response to treatment, and during pregnancy or before\/after surgery.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>What the results mean<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Low levels:<\/strong>&nbsp;May signal anemia (iron deficiency, chronic disease), malnutrition, or blood loss.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>High levels:<\/strong>&nbsp;Can indicate dehydration, smoking, living at high altitudes, or certain medical conditions.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Related Hemoglobin Tests<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Hemoglobin Electrophoresis:<\/strong>&nbsp;Detects abnormal types of hemoglobin (e.g., for sickle cell disease).&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>HbA1c (Glycated Hemoglobin):<\/strong>&nbsp;Measures average blood sugar over 2-3 months, used for diabetes screening and management.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bleeding_Time\"><\/span>Bleeding Time<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Bleeding time (BT)&nbsp;measures how long it takes for a small cut to stop bleeding, assessing platelet function, with normal results typically 1 to 9 minutes, depending on the method.&nbsp;A prolonged bleeding time suggests issues with platelets (like low count or dysfunction) or blood vessel integrity, often requiring further tests like platelet counts or specific coagulation panels to diagnose conditions like von Willebrand&#8217;s disease or effects from antiplatelet drugs (e.g., aspirin).&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How it works<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A small incision (around 1 mm deep, 6 mm long) is made on the forearm.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The time for bleeding to stop spontaneously is recorded, usually by blotting the area with filter paper every 30 seconds until no more blood appears.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Normal ranges<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Generally, 1 to 9 minutes, though ranges vary slightly by technique (e.g., 3-8 mins for Ivy method).&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>What prolonged bleeding time indicates<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Platelet problems:<\/strong>&nbsp;Low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) or poor platelet function&nbsp;(thrombasthenia).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Medications:<\/strong>&nbsp;Antiplatelet drugs like aspirin or clopidogrel.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Vascular issues:<\/strong>&nbsp;Certain collagen disorders (e.g., Ehlers-Danlos syndrome).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Conditions:<\/strong>&nbsp;von Willebrand disease, certain inherited bleeding disorders.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Significance<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Assesses primary hemostasis (initial clot formation).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Useful in children as it avoids venipuncture.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Often used alongside other tests (like PT\/aPTT) for a complete picture of clotting ability.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Clotting_Time\"><\/span>Clotting Time<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Clotting time (CT)&nbsp;measures how long it takes for blood to form a clot, crucial for assessing bleeding disorders like hemophilia;&nbsp;normal ranges vary by method (e.g., 8-15 mins for basic tube test, 30-40s for APTT, ~100-190s for Activated Clotting Time with glass activator), indicating overall clotting ability, with longer times suggesting issues with coagulation factors or platelets.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Common Tests &amp; Ranges<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Clotting Time (Tube Method):<\/strong>&nbsp;Blood in a tube at 37\u00b0C takes about 8-15 minutes to clot.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT):<\/strong>&nbsp;~30-40 seconds, checks the intrinsic pathway.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Prothrombin Time (PT) \/ INR:<\/strong>&nbsp;Measures extrinsic pathway;&nbsp;PT ~9.5-11.8s, INR therapeutic range 2-3 for warfarin.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Activated Clotting Time (ACT):<\/strong>&nbsp;Used during surgery or heparin therapy;&nbsp;110-190s with glass activator.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>How It Works (Basic Test)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A drop of blood is collected in a glass capillary tube.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A stopwatch starts, and the tube is broken at intervals.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>When a fibrin thread appears, the timer stops.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>What Abnormal Results Mean<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Prolonged time:<\/strong>&nbsp;Suggests potential issues with clotting factors (like Vitamin K deficiency, liver disease) or platelet disorders.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Shortened time:<\/strong>&nbsp;Can indicate a hypercoagulable state, increasing thrombosis risk.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"HBsAg_Test\"><\/span>HBsAg Test<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The HBsAg (Hepatitis B Surface Antigen) test is&nbsp;a blood test that checks for the presence of the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) by detecting a protein (antigen) on its surface, indicating an active HBV infection, whether acute or chronic, and showing contagiousness.&nbsp;A positive result means the person has Hepatitis B and can spread it, requiring further tests to determine if the infection is temporary (acute) or long-lasting (chronic), which can lead to serious liver issues like cancer.&nbsp;This test is vital for screening blood donors, pregnant women, and high-risk individuals.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What it detects<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>HBsAg (Hepatitis B Surface Antigen):<\/strong>&nbsp;A protein from the virus&#8217;s outer layer that appears in the blood early after infection, even before symptoms.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>What a positive result means<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Infection:<\/strong>&nbsp;You have an active Hepatitis B infection and are contagious.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Acute vs. Chronic:<\/strong>&nbsp;A positive HBsAg means the virus is present;&nbsp;further tests (like anti-HBs, anti-HBc) determine if it&#8217;s a short-term acute infection or a chronic carrier state (HBsAg present for over 6 months).&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Why it&#8217;s done<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>To diagnose acute and chronic Hepatitis B.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To guide treatment and management plans.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As part of routine screening for blood donations, pregnancy, and at-risk groups.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>How it&#8217;s done<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A healthcare provider takes a blood sample, usually from a vein in your arm.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The sample is tested in a lab using antibodies that bind to the HBsAg protein, producing a signal for a positive result.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>What to expect<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The test usually requires no special preparation.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>You might feel a small prick from the needle.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A positive screening test will usually be followed by confirmatory tests by your doctor.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dengue_Test\"><\/span>Dengue Test<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Dengue tests are&nbsp;blood tests that detect the virus or your body&#8217;s immune response, primarily using NS1 antigen tests,&nbsp;PCR&nbsp;(NAAT) for early detection (first week), and IgM\/IgG antibody tests (after the first week) to confirm current or past infection, crucial for early treatment and preventing severe dengue.&nbsp;A doctor takes a blood sample, looking for these viral markers, often combining methods for accurate diagnosis, especially as symptoms can mimic other illnesses.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Types of Dengue Tests<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>NS1 Antigen Test:<\/strong>&nbsp;Detects the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) produced early in infection, useful within the first 1-7 days.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>PCR&nbsp;(NAAT):&nbsp;Detects the dengue virus&#8217;s genetic material (RNA) and is highly accurate in the first week of illness.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Antibody Tests (IgM &amp; IgG):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>IgM:<\/strong>&nbsp;Detects antibodies that appear 4-5 days after symptoms start and can last for months, indicating a recent infection.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>IgG:<\/strong>&nbsp;Shows past exposure or later stage of current infection.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>When Tests Are Used<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Early Illness (First ~7 Days):<\/strong>&nbsp;PCR and NS1 tests are best for diagnosing active infection.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Later Illness (After ~5 Days):<\/strong>&nbsp;IgM\/IgG antibody tests become more reliable as antibodies develop.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>What to Expect During a Test<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A healthcare professional draws blood from a vein in your arm.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No special preparation is usually needed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There&#8217;s minimal risk, just potential minor pain or bruising at the needle site.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Why Testing is Important<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Early diagnosis allows for prompt supportive care, reducing the risk of severe dengue.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Helps differentiate dengue from other illnesses with similar symptoms, like Zika or Chikungunya.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chikongunia_Test\"><\/span>Chikongunia Test<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A chikungunya test&nbsp;detects the virus in early illness using RT-PCR (detects viral RNA) or later by finding specific antibodies (IgM\/IgG) with serological tests (like ELISA), usually from a blood sample, to confirm infection, especially if you have fever and joint pain after visiting an endemic area, helping doctors diagnose and manage the disease.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Types of Tests<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>RT-PCR&nbsp;(Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction):<\/strong>&nbsp;Detects the virus&#8217;s genetic material (RNA) directly in blood, best for the first few days (within 6 days) of symptoms.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Serological Tests&nbsp;(Antibody Tests):<\/strong>&nbsp;Detect antibodies your body makes against the virus.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>IgM Antibodies:<\/strong>&nbsp;Appear after the first week and indicate a recent or current infection.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>IgG Antibodies:<\/strong>&nbsp;Appear later and show past or ongoing infection.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Often use methods like ELISA, and positive IgM might need confirmation by a public health lab (like CDC).&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>When to Get Tested<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>If you develop sudden fever, severe joint pain, headache, muscle pain, or rash after traveling to areas with known chikungunya transmission.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Early testing helps confirm diagnosis and limit spread.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>What the Test Does<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Uses a blood sample (serum).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Identifies viral RNA or specific antibodies to confirm if you have chikungunya.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Liver_Function_Test\"><\/span>A Liver Function Test<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A Liver Function Test (LFT) is&nbsp;a panel of blood tests measuring liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP, GGT) and proteins (Albumin, Bilirubin, etc.) to assess liver health, check for damage or disease (like hepatitis, cirrhosis), monitor treatment, and detect medication side effects, as elevated levels can signal liver injury or dysfunction, while normal ranges suggest good function.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What LFTs measure<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Liver Enzymes:<\/strong>&nbsp;AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, LDH;&nbsp;elevated levels often indicate liver cell damage or bile duct issues.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Proteins:<\/strong>&nbsp;Albumin (made by liver), Total Protein;&nbsp;low levels can show impaired liver production.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bilirubin:<\/strong>&nbsp;A waste product the liver processes;&nbsp;high levels cause jaundice.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Clotting Factors:<\/strong>&nbsp;Prothrombin Time (PT\/INR);&nbsp;prolonged time suggests the liver isn&#8217;t producing clotting proteins efficiently.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Why they are done<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>To screen for liver disease or damage.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To monitor existing liver conditions (e.g., hepatitis, fatty liver).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To check for side effects of medications that can harm the liver.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To investigate symptoms like jaundice, abdominal pain, or fatigue.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>What the results mean<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Normal results:<\/strong>&nbsp;Suggest your liver is likely functioning well.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Abnormal results:<\/strong>&nbsp;Indicate potential issues, but the pattern helps doctors pinpoint the problem, whether it&#8217;s injury (high enzymes) or reduced function (low albumin, prolonged PT).&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Key Takeaway<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>LFTs provide a snapshot of liver health by checking levels of substances it produces and processes, helping doctors diagnose and manage liver conditions effectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kidney_Profile_Test\"><\/span>Kidney Profile Test <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A renal profile test (or&nbsp;kidney function test)&nbsp;is&nbsp;a panel of blood and sometimes urine tests that check how well your kidneys are working by measuring waste products like creatinine and BUN, electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate), and GFR (glomerular filtration rate) to diagnose kidney disease, monitor its progression, and assess treatment effectiveness.&nbsp;It helps detect issues with filtering waste, balancing fluids, and maintaining overall metabolic health, often before symptoms appear.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Key Components Measured<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Creatinine:<\/strong>&nbsp;A waste product from muscle metabolism;&nbsp;high levels suggest poor filtration.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>BUN&nbsp;(Blood Urea Nitrogen):<\/strong>&nbsp;Another waste product from protein breakdown;&nbsp;elevated levels can signal kidney issues.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>eGFR&nbsp;(Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate):<\/strong>&nbsp;Calculates how efficiently your kidneys filter blood.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Electrolytes:<\/strong>&nbsp;Sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, which help assess fluid and mineral balance.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Urine Tests:<\/strong>&nbsp;May check for albumin (protein) or blood, indicating damage.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Why It&#8217;s Done<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Routine health checks.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Diagnosing kidney diseases or infections.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Monitoring chronic kidney disease (CKD).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Evaluating treatment effectiveness.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Screening high-risk individuals (diabetes, hypertension).&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Procedure &amp; Preparation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Sample:<\/strong>&nbsp;Primarily a blood draw, sometimes a urine sample.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Preparation:<\/strong>&nbsp;Often requires fasting for 8-10 hours beforehand, but follow your doctor&#8217;s instructions.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Procedure:<\/strong>&nbsp;Quick blood draw from a vein in the arm.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>What Results Indicate<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>High Creatinine\/BUN, Low eGFR:<\/strong>&nbsp;Impaired kidney function.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Protein\/Blood in Urine:<\/strong>&nbsp;Potential kidney damage or infection.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Some_Subject_Details_for_Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years\"><\/span>Some Subject Details for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Anatomy_Physiology_for_Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years\"><\/span>Anatomy &amp; Physiology for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Study of the body Structure and its function is Anatomy &amp; Physiology. Here we discuss the systems of the human body and its organ, Tissues, and cells. The systems of the human body are the digestive system, Respiratory system, Cardiovascular system, Skeletal system, Muscular system, nervous system, Endocrine system, Immune System, Integumentary System and Urinary System.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"891\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/DMS-Course-1-Year-1-1-891x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Anatomy Lecture of Pathology Course 2 Years\" class=\"wp-image-1892\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/DMS-Course-1-Year-1-1-891x1024.jpg 891w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/DMS-Course-1-Year-1-1-261x300.jpg 261w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/DMS-Course-1-Year-1-1-768x883.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/DMS-Course-1-Year-1-1-1337x1536.jpg 1337w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/DMS-Course-1-Year-1-1-1782x2048.jpg 1782w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 891px) 100vw, 891px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Anatomy is the study of body structures and their relationships, while physiology is the study of how those structures function;&nbsp;they are interconnected, as form dictates function (e.g., the structure of a neuron&#8217;s axon allows it to transmit signals).&nbsp;Together, they explain the human body&#8217;s workings, from cells and tissues to organ systems, maintaining balance&nbsp;(homeostasis)&nbsp;through complex processes like temperature regulation, making them fundamental to medicine and health sciences.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Anatomy (The &#8220;What&#8221; &amp; &#8220;Where&#8221;)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Definition<\/strong>:&nbsp;The study of the body&#8217;s physical structures, both internal and external.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Levels<\/strong>:&nbsp;Explores structures from microscopic (cells, tissues) to macroscopic (organs, organ systems).&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Types<\/strong>:&nbsp;Can be gross (large structures), microscopic (histology\/cytology), regional (by body area), or systemic (by body system).&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Physiology (The &#8220;How&#8221;)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Definition<\/strong>:&nbsp;The study of the functions and processes of body parts and systems.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Focus<\/strong>:&nbsp;Explains how structures work together to keep the body alive, such as the circulatory system delivering oxygen or the integumentary system protecting the body.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The Interconnection: Form Meets Function<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The principle &#8220;form fits function&#8221; is key: a structure&#8217;s anatomy enables its physiological role.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Example<\/strong>:&nbsp;Dendrites (anatomy) receive signals, allowing the neuron (physiology) to function as a receiver, while the axon (anatomy) transmits signals (physiology).&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Key Concepts in A&amp;P<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Homeostasis<\/strong>:&nbsp;The body&#8217;s ability to maintain a stable internal environment (e.g., regulating temperature).&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Body Systems<\/strong>:&nbsp;The interconnected network of organs (e.g., cardiovascular, nervous, integumentary) working cooperatively.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Anatomical Position<\/strong>:&nbsp;A standard reference posture (standing upright, palms forward) used to describe body locations universally.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/IMG_20251221_115451-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Pathology Course 2 Years\" class=\"wp-image-2253\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/IMG_20251221_115451-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/IMG_20251221_115451-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/IMG_20251221_115451-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/IMG_20251221_115451-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/IMG_20251221_115451-scaled.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Major_Systems_of_the_Human_Body\"><\/span>Major Systems of the Human Body<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>System<\/th><th>Main Function<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Skeletal<\/td><td>Support &amp; protection<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Muscular<\/td><td>Movement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nervous<\/td><td>Control &amp; coordination<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Endocrine<\/td><td>Hormonal regulation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cardiovascular<\/td><td>Blood circulation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Respiratory<\/td><td>Gas exchange<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Digestive<\/td><td>Nutrition &amp; digestion<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Urinary<\/td><td>Waste excretion<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Reproductive<\/td><td>Reproduction<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Integumentary<\/td><td>Protection &amp; temperature control<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Relationship_Between_Anatomy_Physiology\"><\/span><strong>Relationship Between Anatomy &amp; Physiology<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Anatomy<\/th><th>Physiology<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Structure<\/td><td>Function<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Form<\/td><td>Action<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Static study<\/td><td>Dynamic study<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B\"><\/span>\u0995\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09ae \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Skeletal_System\"><\/span>1. Skeletal System<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Function:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Gives shape and support to the body<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protects vital organs (brain, heart, lungs)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Helps in body movement<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Produces blood cells in bone marrow<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Main Parts:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bones (206 bones)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Joints<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cartilage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Muscular_System\"><\/span>2. Muscular System<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Function:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Enables movement of the body<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maintains posture<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Produces heat<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Types of Muscles:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Skeletal muscle \u2013 voluntary<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Smooth muscle \u2013 involuntary<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cardiac muscle \u2013 found in the heart<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Nervous_System\"><\/span>3. Nervous System<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Function:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Controls and coordinates body activities<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Receives and responds to stimuli<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Responsible for thinking, memory, and emotions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Main Parts:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Brain<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Spinal cord<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nerves<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Cardiovascular_System\"><\/span>4. Cardiovascular System<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Function:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Circulates blood throughout the body<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Removes waste products<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Main Parts:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Heart<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Blood<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Respiratory_System\"><\/span>5. Respiratory System<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Function:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Helps in breathing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Supplies oxygen to the blood<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Removes carbon dioxide from the body<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Main Parts:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Nose<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Trachea<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lungs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alveoli<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Digestive_System\"><\/span>6. Digestive System<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Function:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Digestion of food<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Absorption of nutrients<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Elimination of waste<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Main Parts:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Mouth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Esophagus<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stomach<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Intestines<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Liver and pancreas<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pharmacology-1_for_Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years\"><\/span>Pharmacology-1 for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Definition_of_Pharmacology\"><\/span><strong>1. Definition of Pharmacology<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pharmacology<\/strong> is the branch of medical science that deals with <strong>drugs<\/strong>, their <strong>sources, actions, uses, side effects, and mechanisms<\/strong> in the human body.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Drug_%E2%80%93_Definition\"><\/span><strong>2. Drug \u2013 Definition<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A <strong>drug<\/strong> is a chemical substance that is used to <strong>diagnose, prevent, treat, or cure disease<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Branches_of_Pharmacology\"><\/span><strong>3. Branches of Pharmacology<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Pharmacokinetics<\/strong> \u2013 What the body does to the drug<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pharmacodynamics<\/strong> \u2013 What the drug does to the body<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pharmacotherapeutics<\/strong> \u2013 Use of drugs in treatment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Toxicology<\/strong> \u2013 Study of harmful effects of drugs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Chemotherapy<\/strong> \u2013 Drugs used to treat infections and cancer<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Pharmacokinetics_ADME\"><\/span><strong>4. Pharmacokinetics (ADME)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A \u2013 Absorption:<\/strong><br>How a drug enters the bloodstream<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>D \u2013 Distribution:<\/strong><br>How the drug spreads in the body<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>M \u2013 Metabolism:<\/strong><br>Breakdown of drugs mainly in the liver<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>E \u2013 Excretion:<\/strong><br>Removal of drugs mainly through kidneys (urine)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Pharmacodynamics\"><\/span><strong>5. Pharmacodynamics<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Drug action and effect<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Receptor interaction<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dose\u2013response relationship<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example:<\/strong><br>Paracetamol reduces pain and fever.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Routes_of_Drug_Administration\"><\/span><strong>6. Routes of Drug Administration<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Oral (by mouth)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sublingual<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Intravenous (IV)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Intramuscular (IM)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Subcutaneous (SC)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Topical<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inhalation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Types_of_Drugs\"><\/span><strong>7. Types of Drugs<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Analgesics (pain killers)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Antibiotics<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Antipyretics (reduce fever)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Antiseptics<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sedatives<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Adverse_Drug_Reactions_ADR\"><\/span><strong>8. Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Nausea<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vomiting<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Allergy<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Drowsiness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9_Importance_of_Pharmacology_for_Nurses_Physiotherapists\"><\/span><strong>9. Importance of Pharmacology for Nurses \/ Physiotherapists<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Safe drug administration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Understanding drug effects<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prevention of medication errors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Patient education<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10_Common_Terms\"><\/span><strong>10. Common Terms<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Dose:<\/strong> Amount of drug given<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Therapeutic effect:<\/strong> Desired effect<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Side effect:<\/strong> Unwanted effect<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Overdose:<\/strong> Excess amount of drug<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Study_of_OTC_Drugs_for_Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years\"><\/span>Study of OTC Drugs for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>OTC Drugs are important for all Medical Assistant Courses. These Drugs are Emergency and safe for the patients. The Study of OTC Drugs improves the quality of practice. Some OTC Drugs are Albendazole, Ascorbic Acid, Calcium, Multivitamins, Vitamin B Complex, Omeprazole, Oral Rehydration Salt, Salbutamol etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Definition\"><\/span><strong>Definition<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>OTC drugs are medicines that can be purchased without a doctor\u2019s prescription and are used for minor and self-limiting illnesses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Purpose_of_OTC_Drugs\"><\/span><strong>Purpose of OTC Drugs<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Relief of <strong>common symptoms<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Easy access to treatment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cost-effective healthcare<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reduces burden on hospitals<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Characteristics_of_OTC_Drugs\"><\/span><strong>Characteristics of OTC Drugs<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Safe when used as directed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Low risk of serious side effects<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Clear labeling and instructions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Suitable for self-medication<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Classification_of_OTC_Drugs\"><\/span><strong>Classification of OTC Drugs<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Analgesics_Antipyretics\"><\/span><strong>1. Analgesics &amp; Antipyretics<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Used for pain and fever.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Drug<\/th><th>Use<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Paracetamol<\/td><td>Fever, mild pain<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ibuprofen<\/td><td>Pain, inflammation<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Antacids\"><\/span><strong>2. Antacids<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Used for acidity and indigestion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Drug<\/th><th>Use<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Aluminum hydroxide<\/td><td>Neutralizes acid<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Magnesium hydroxide<\/td><td>Relieves acidity<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Cough_Cold_Preparations\"><\/span><strong>3. Cough &amp; Cold Preparations<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Antitussives \u2013 suppress cough<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Expectorants \u2013 remove mucus<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Decongestants \u2013 relieve nasal block<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dextromethorphan<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Guaifenesin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Phenylephrine<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Antihistamines\"><\/span><strong>4. Antihistamines<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Used for allergy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Drug<\/th><th>Use<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Cetirizine<\/td><td>Allergic rhinitis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Loratadine<\/td><td>Urticaria<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Antidiarrheal_Drugs\"><\/span><strong>5. Antidiarrheal Drugs<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Used for diarrhea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Drug<\/th><th>Use<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>ORS<\/td><td>Prevents dehydration<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Loperamide<\/td><td>Reduces bowel movement<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Laxatives\"><\/span><strong>6. Laxatives<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Used for constipation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bulk-forming: Isabgol<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Osmotic: Lactulose<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stool softeners<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Topical_Preparations\"><\/span><strong>7. Topical Preparations<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Used on skin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Antiseptics (Povidone-iodine)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Antifungal creams<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pain relief gels<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Vitamins_Minerals\"><\/span><strong>8. Vitamins &amp; Minerals<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Vitamin B-complex<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vitamin C<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Iron supplements<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dosage_Forms_of_OTC_Drugs\"><\/span><strong>Dosage Forms of OTC Drugs<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Tablets<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Syrups<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Capsules<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Creams &amp; ointments<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Drops<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Powders<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Advantages_of_OTC_Drugs\"><\/span><strong>Advantages of OTC Drugs<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Easily available<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Saves time &amp; money<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Suitable for minor illnesses<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Promotes self-care<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"First_Aid_for_Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years\"><\/span>First Aid for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>First Aid is an important subject for Medical courses including Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years,. RMP Courses, LMAF Courses, Paramedical Courses, DMA Courses, DMS Courses, Nursing Courses, Dental Courses, Pathology Courses, Physiotherapy Courses, Caregiver courses etc. Here we discuss shock, Classification Shock, causes of Shock, Stages of Shock, Clinical Features of Shock, Hypovolemic Shock, Cardiogenic Shock, Neurogenic Shock, Traumatic Shock, Burn Shock, Electric Shock, Psychogenic Shock, Anaphylactic Shock, First Aid of Shock, First Aid of cut, First Aid of Snake Bite, First Aid of Accidental Injury etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Definition-2\"><\/span><strong>Definition<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>First Aid<\/strong> is the <strong>immediate and temporary care given to an injured or suddenly ill person before professional medical treatment is available<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Aims_of_First_Aid\"><\/span><strong>Aims of First Aid<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Preserve life<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Prevent condition from worsening<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Promote recovery<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Principles_of_First_Aid\"><\/span><strong>Principles of First Aid<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Stay calm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ensure safety of the scene<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Assess the casualty<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Call for medical help<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provide appropriate care<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do not give unnecessary treatment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"First_Aid_%E2%80%93_Primary_Survey_DRABC\"><\/span><strong>First Aid \u2013 Primary Survey (DRABC)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Step<\/th><th>Meaning<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>D<\/td><td>Danger \u2013 ensure safety<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>R<\/td><td>Response \u2013 check consciousness<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A<\/td><td>Airway \u2013 clear airway<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>B<\/td><td>Breathing \u2013 check breathing<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>C<\/td><td>Circulation \u2013 control bleeding<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Basic_First_Aid_Procedures\"><\/span><strong>Basic First Aid Procedures<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Wounds &amp; Bleeding<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Apply direct pressure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Elevate the injured part<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use clean dressing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do not remove embedded objects<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Burns\"><\/span><strong>2. Burns<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cool with running water (10\u201320 minutes)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cover with sterile dressing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do not apply oil or ointment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do not burst blisters<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Fractures\"><\/span><strong>3. Fractures<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Immobilize the injured part<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use splints<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do not move unnecessarily<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Seek medical help<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Fainting\"><\/span><strong>4. Fainting<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lay patient flat<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Raise legs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Loosen tight clothing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ensure fresh air<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Nose_Bleeding_Epistaxis\"><\/span><strong>5. Nose Bleeding (Epistaxis)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sit patient upright<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lean forward<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pinch nostrils for 10 minutes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do not tilt head backward<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Choking\"><\/span><strong>6. Choking<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Encourage coughing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Give back blows<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Perform abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Poisoning\"><\/span><strong>7. Poisoning<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Identify poison if possible<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do not induce vomiting (unless instructed)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Seek emergency care immediately<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Snake_Bite\"><\/span><strong>8. Snake Bite<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Keep patient calm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Immobilize limb<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do not cut or suck wound<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Take patient to hospital urgently<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CPR_Cardiopulmonary_Resuscitation\"><\/span><strong>CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Steps\"><\/span><strong>Steps<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Check responsiveness<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Call emergency help<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Start chest compressions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Give rescue breaths<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Compression : Breath ratio = 30 : 2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"First_Aid_Kit_%E2%80%93_Contents\"><\/span><strong>First Aid Kit \u2013 Contents<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sterile gauze<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bandages<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Antiseptic solution<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Adhesive tape<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Scissors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gloves<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pain relievers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ORS packets<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Practice_of_Medicine_for_Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years\"><\/span>Practice of Medicine for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years for Important topics in the practice of medicine include&nbsp;fundamental sciences like&nbsp;anatomy, physiology, and pathology; core clinical subjects such as&nbsp;internal medicine, surgery, and pediatrics; and practical applications like&nbsp;pharmacology, diagnostic procedures, and patient management. Additionally, crucial areas include&nbsp;public health&nbsp;(sanitation, vaccination),&nbsp;family medicine&nbsp;(addressing a wide range of patient needs), and increasingly,&nbsp;community medicine&nbsp;(epidemiology, health indicators), and&nbsp;interdisciplinary fields&nbsp;like addiction medicine, forensic medicine, and genomic medicine.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Definition-3\"><\/span><strong>Definition<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Practice of Medicine is the branch of medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and management of diseases in adult patients through <strong>clinical knowledge and patient care<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Objectives_of_Practice_of_Medicine\"><\/span><strong>Objectives of Practice of Medicine<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Diagnose diseases accurately<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Treat and manage medical conditions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prevent complications<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Promote health and recovery<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provide holistic patient care<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Scope_of_Practice_of_Medicine\"><\/span><strong>Scope of Practice of Medicine<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Includes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>History taking<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Physical examination<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Clinical diagnosis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Investigations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Medical management<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Follow-up care<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Components_of_Practice_of_Medicine\"><\/span><strong>Components of Practice of Medicine<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_History_Taking\"><\/span><strong>1. History Taking<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Includes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Chief complaints<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>History of present illness<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Past medical history<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Drug history<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Family history<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Social history<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Physical_Examination\"><\/span><strong>2. Physical Examination<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>General examination<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Systemic examination:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cardiovascular system<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Respiratory system<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gastrointestinal system<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nervous system<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Diagnosis\"><\/span><strong>3. Diagnosis<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Provisional diagnosis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Differential diagnosis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Final diagnosis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Investigations\"><\/span><strong>4. Investigations<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Blood tests<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Urine tests<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>X-ray<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ECG<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ultrasound<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CT\/MRI (when needed)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Treatment\"><\/span><strong>5. Treatment<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Drug therapy<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Dietary advice<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Lifestyle modification<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Supportive care<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Common_Diseases_Studied_in_Practice_of_Medicine\"><\/span><strong>Common Diseases Studied in Practice of Medicine<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cardiovascular_Diseases\"><\/span><strong>Cardiovascular Diseases<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hypertension<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ischemic heart disease<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Heart failure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Respiratory_Diseases\"><\/span><strong>Respiratory Diseases<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Asthma<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>COPD<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pneumonia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tuberculosis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gastrointestinal_Diseases\"><\/span><strong>Gastrointestinal Diseases<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Peptic ulcer<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hepatitis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Diarrhea<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Endocrine_Diseases\"><\/span><strong>Endocrine Diseases<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Diabetes mellitus<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thyroid disorders<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Neurological_Diseases\"><\/span><strong>Neurological Diseases<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Stroke<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Epilepsy<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Parkinson\u2019s disease<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Infectious_Diseases\"><\/span><strong>Infectious Diseases<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Malaria<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dengue<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Typhoid<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>COVID-19<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hematology_for_Diploma_In_Pathology_Assistant_Course_2_Years\"><\/span>Hematology for Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Hematology is&nbsp;the branch of medicine focused on the study, diagnosis, and treatment of blood, blood-forming organs (like bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes), and blood disorders, including anemias, clotting issues (hemophilia), and blood cancers (leukemia, lymphoma).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What hematology covers:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Blood Components:<\/strong>&nbsp;Red cells (oxygen), white cells (immunity), platelets (clotting), plasma, and proteins.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Blood-Forming Organs:<\/strong>&nbsp;Bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Disorders:<\/strong>&nbsp;Anemia, bleeding disorders (hemophilia), clotting disorders, blood cancers, and immune issues.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Processes:<\/strong>&nbsp;Blood formation (hematopoiesis) and coagulation (clotting).&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Who are the specialists?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Hematologist:<\/strong>&nbsp;A physician (often an internist or pediatrician) who diagnoses and treats patients with blood disorders, managing their care directly.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hematopathologist:<\/strong>&nbsp;A pathologist who specializes in analyzing blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissues in a lab to diagnose diseases.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hematology-Oncology:<\/strong>&nbsp;Many hematologists train in both areas, as blood cancers are a major focus.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Common conditions treated:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Anemia (e.g., sickle cell anemia)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bleeding &amp; Clotting Disorders (e.g., Hemophilia, Thrombosis)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Blood Cancers (e.g., Leukemia, Multiple Myeloma, Lymphoma)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Immune deficiencies related to blood.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Composition_of_Blood\"><\/span> Composition of Blood<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Total blood volume \u2248 <strong>5\u20136 liters<\/strong> in adults.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Plasma_%E2%89%8855\"><\/span><strong>A. Plasma (\u224855%)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Plasma is the liquid part of blood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Components:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Water (90\u201392%)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Plasma proteins<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Albumin<\/strong> \u2013 maintains osmotic pressure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Globulin<\/strong> \u2013 immunity (antibodies)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Fibrinogen<\/strong> \u2013 blood clotting<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Electrolytes<\/strong> \u2013 Na\u207a, K\u207a, Ca\u00b2\u207a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nutrients<\/strong> \u2013 glucose, amino acids, lipids<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hormones &amp; enzymes<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Waste products<\/strong> \u2013 urea, creatinine<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Functions of Plasma:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Maintains blood pressure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transport medium<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Helps in clotting and immunity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Formed_Elements_of_Blood\"><\/span><strong>Formed Elements of Blood<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Red_Blood_Cells_RBCs_Erythrocytes\"><\/span><strong>A. Red Blood Cells (RBCs \/ Erythrocytes)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Structure:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Biconcave, non-nucleated<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Diameter \u2248 7.5 \u00b5m<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Normal Count:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Male: <strong>5\u20136 million\/mm\u00b3<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Female: <strong>4\u20135 million\/mm\u00b3<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hemoglobin (Hb):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Iron-containing protein<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Carries oxygen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Life Span:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Approximately <strong>120 days<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Functions:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Oxygen transport<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Carbon dioxide transport<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Acid\u2013base balance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>RBC Disorders:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Anemia<\/strong> \u2013 low RBC or Hb<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Polycythemia<\/strong> \u2013 increased RBC count<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B_White_Blood_Cells_WBCs_Leukocytes\"><\/span><strong>B. White Blood Cells (WBCs \/ Leukocytes)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Normal Count:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>4,000\u201311,000\/mm\u00b3<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Function:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Body defense and immunity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_WBCs\"><\/span><strong>Types of WBCs<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Neutrophils_60%E2%80%9370\"><\/span><strong>1. Neutrophils (60\u201370%)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>First line of defense<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fight bacterial infection<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Lymphocytes_20%E2%80%9330\"><\/span><strong>2. Lymphocytes (20\u201330%)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>B cells \u2013 antibody production<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T cells \u2013 cell-mediated immunity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Monocytes_2%E2%80%938\"><\/span><strong>3. Monocytes (2\u20138%)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Phagocytosis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Become macrophages<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Eosinophils_1%E2%80%934\"><\/span><strong>4. Eosinophils (1\u20134%)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Allergic reactions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Parasitic infections<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Basophils_05%E2%80%931\"><\/span><strong>5. Basophils (0.5\u20131%)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Release histamine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inflammation and allergy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>WBC Disorders:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Leukocytosis<\/strong> \u2013 increased WBC<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Leukopenia<\/strong> \u2013 decreased WBC<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Leukemia<\/strong> \u2013 cancer of blood cells<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"C_Platelets_Thrombocytes\"><\/span><strong>C. Platelets (Thrombocytes)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Normal Count:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>150,000\u2013400,000\/mm\u00b3<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Life Span:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>7\u201310 days<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Function:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Blood clotting<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prevention of bleeding<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Disorder:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Thrombocytopenia<\/strong> \u2013 low platelet count<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hemostasis_Blood_Clotting\"><\/span>Hemostasis (Blood Clotting)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Steps:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Vasoconstriction<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Platelet plug formation<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Coagulation<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Fibrinogen \u2192 Fibrin (clot formation)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Importance:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Prevents excessive blood loss<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hemoglobin_Hb_in_Detail\"><\/span>Hemoglobin (Hb) in Detail<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Normal Values:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Male: <strong>13\u201318 g\/dL<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Female: <strong>12\u201316 g\/dL<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Functions:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Oxygen transport<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maintains blood pH<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Abnormalities:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Low Hb \u2192 anemia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>High Hb \u2192 polycythemia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Blood_Groups\"><\/span>Blood Groups<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ABO_Blood_Group_System\"><\/span><strong>ABO Blood Group System<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Group A<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Group B<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Group AB<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Group O<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rh_Factor\"><\/span><strong>Rh Factor<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Rh positive<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rh negative<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Importance:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Safe blood transfusion<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pregnancy (Rh incompatibility)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Blood_Formation_Hematopoiesis\"><\/span>Blood Formation (Hematopoiesis)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Site:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bone marrow (main site)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Process:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Stem cells \u2192 RBCs, WBCs, platelets<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Clinical_Importance_of_Hematology\"><\/span>Clinical Importance of Hematology<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Diagnosis of anemia and infections<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Monitoring treatment response<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Blood transfusion safety<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Management of bleeding disorders<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pathology_for_DMS_Course_2_Years\"><\/span>Pathology for DMS Course 2 Years<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pathology is&nbsp;the medical science of studying diseases\u2014their causes, mechanisms, and effects\u2014primarily by examining tissues, cells, and body fluids (like blood\/urine) in labs to diagnose illnesses, guide treatment, and monitor health, acting as the crucial link between basic science and clinical medicine, often involving microscopic analysis of biopsies, genetic testing, and&nbsp;microbiology.&nbsp;Pathologists are doctors specializing in this lab-based diagnosis, making critical decisions for cancer, infections, and chronic diseases, even performing autopsies to understand death.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Key Aspects of Pathology<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Study of Disease:<\/strong>&nbsp;Investigates how diseases start (etiology) and develop (pathogenesis).&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Diagnostic Focus:<\/strong>&nbsp;Analyzes samples (biopsies, blood, urine) to find abnormalities.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Core Disciplines:<\/strong>&nbsp;Includes histology (tissues), cytology (cells), microbiology (germs), clinical chemistry, and molecular pathology (genetics).&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tools &amp; Techniques:<\/strong>&nbsp;Uses microscopes, special stains, immunological markers, and genetic tests.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Clinical Role:<\/strong>&nbsp;Provides vital information for surgeons, oncologists, and other clinicians to diagnose, treat, and manage conditions like cancer, infections, and autoimmune disorders.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>What Pathologists Do<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Examine Specimens:<\/strong>&nbsp;Look at tissue under a microscope for signs of cancer, inflammation, or infection.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Perform Tests:<\/strong>&nbsp;Analyze blood for chemical imbalances or infectious agents.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Consult:<\/strong>&nbsp;Work with other doctors to determine the best course of treatment.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Conduct Autopsies:<\/strong>&nbsp;Investigate deaths to determine cause and manner.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Modern Advancements<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Digital Pathology:&nbsp;Digitizing slides for easier sharing and analysis.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>AI in Diagnostics:&nbsp;Using artificial intelligence to spot patterns and improve accuracy.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Molecular Pathology:&nbsp;Analyzing DNA and RNA for targeted therapies, especially in cancer.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Definition\"><\/span><strong>1. Definition<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pathology<\/strong> is the branch of medical science that studies:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The <strong>causes<\/strong> of disease (<strong>etiology<\/strong>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>mechanism of disease development<\/strong> (<strong>pathogenesis<\/strong>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>structural and functional changes<\/strong> in tissues and organs (<strong>morphology<\/strong>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>effects of disease on the body<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be \u09b8\u0982\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be:<\/strong><br>\u09aa\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a5\u09b2\u099c\u09bf \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3, \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b6 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be, \u0985\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u2013\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Branches_of_Pathology\"><\/span><strong>2. Branches of Pathology<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>General Pathology<\/strong> \u2013 Study of disease processes common to all organs (e.g., inflammation, necrosis)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Systemic Pathology<\/strong> \u2013 Study of diseases of specific organs or systems (e.g., cardiovascular, respiratory)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Clinical Pathology<\/strong> \u2013 Laboratory study of blood, urine, body fluids for diagnosis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Forensic Pathology<\/strong> \u2013 Study of death, injury, and crime-related pathology<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Molecular Pathology<\/strong> \u2013 Study of diseases at cellular and molecular level<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Etiology_Causes_of_Disease\"><\/span><strong>3. Etiology (Causes of Disease)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Genetic<\/strong> \u2013 inherited conditions (e.g., sickle cell anemia)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Infectious<\/strong> \u2013 bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Physical<\/strong> \u2013 trauma, burns, radiation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Chemical<\/strong> \u2013 poisons, toxins, drugs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nutritional<\/strong> \u2013 deficiency or excess (e.g., scurvy, obesity)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Immune<\/strong> \u2013 autoimmune diseases<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Pathogenesis_Mechanism_of_Disease\"><\/span><strong>4. Pathogenesis (Mechanism of Disease)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How the disease develops in the body<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Example: <strong>Atherosclerosis<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Fat deposits in arteries \u2192 narrowing \u2192 reduced blood flow \u2192 heart attack<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Morphological_Changes\"><\/span><strong>5. Morphological Changes<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Gross Changes:<\/strong> visible changes in organs (e.g., enlarged liver)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Microscopic Changes:<\/strong> cellular changes under microscope (e.g., inflammation, necrosis)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Common_Pathological_Processes\"><\/span><strong>6. Common Pathological Processes<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Inflammation<\/strong> \u2013 Body\u2019s response to injury or infection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Degeneration<\/strong> \u2013 Deterioration of cells<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Necrosis<\/strong> \u2013 Cell death<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Neoplasia<\/strong> \u2013 Uncontrolled cell growth (benign or malignant)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hemodynamic Disorders<\/strong> \u2013 Bleeding, clotting, edema<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Infections<\/strong> \u2013 Bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years. Phone Number 01797522136, 01987073965. Diploma In Pathology Assistant Course 2 Years is a short Pathology course in Bangladesh. The short form of this course is (DPA). This Pathology Course 2 Years contains 18 subjects. Total exam marks 1800. After completing this &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[53,55,54],"tags":[182,183,186,184,185],"class_list":["post-2196","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","","category-pathology-course","category-pathology-diploma","category-pathology-training","tag-diploma-in-pathology-assistant-course-2-years","tag-dpa-2-years","tag-location-for-pathology-course","tag-pathology-course-2-years","tag-subjects-for-pathology-course"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2196","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2196"}],"version-history":[{"count":34,"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2196\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2507,"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2196\/revisions\/2507"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2196"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2196"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2196"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}