{"id":3189,"date":"2026-02-03T10:16:34","date_gmt":"2026-02-03T04:16:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/?p=3189"},"modified":"2026-03-09T11:35:15","modified_gmt":"2026-03-09T05:35:15","slug":"post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/","title":{"rendered":"Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Post_Diploma_Training_in_Cardiology_Course_Details\" >Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course Details<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Location_of_Post_Diploma_Training_in_Cardiology\" >Location of Post Diploma Training in Cardiology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Hostel_Facilities_in_HRTD_Medical_Institute\" >Hostel Facilities in HRTD Medical Institute<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Course_Fee_for_Post_Diploma_Training_in_Cardiology_Course_6_Months\" >Course Fee for Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course 6 Months<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Course_Fee_for_Post_Diploma_Training_in_Cardiology_Course_1_Year\" >Course Fee for Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course 1 Year<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Course_Fee_for_Post_Diploma_Training_in_Cardiology_Course_2_Years\" >Course Fee for Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course 2 Years<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Subjects_for_Post_Diploma_Training_in_Cardiology_Course_6_Months\" >Subjects for Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course 6 Months<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Subjects_for_Post_Diploma_Training_in_Cardiology_Course_1_Year\" >Subjects for Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course 1 Year<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Subjects_for_Post_Diploma_Training_in_Cardiology_Course_2_Years\" >Subjects for Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course 2 Years<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Some_Subjects_Details_for_Post_Diploma_Training_in_Cardiology_Course_Given_Below\" >Some Subjects Details for Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course Given Below<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Cardiovascular_Anatomy_Physiology\" >Cardiovascular Anatomy &amp; Physiology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#1_Introduction\" >1. Introduction<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Main_Components\" >Main Components<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#2_Anatomy_of_the_Heart\" >2. Anatomy of the Heart<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Location\" >Location<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Size_Shape\" >Size &amp; Shape<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#3_Layers_of_the_Heart_Wall\" >3. Layers of the Heart Wall<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#4_Chambers_of_the_Heart\" >4. Chambers of the Heart<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#5_Heart_Valves\" >5. Heart Valves<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#6_Blood_Supply_of_the_Heart_Coronary_Circulation\" >6. Blood Supply of the Heart (Coronary Circulation)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Coronary_Arteries\" >Coronary Arteries<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#7_Conducting_System_of_the_Heart\" >7. Conducting System of the Heart<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#8_Blood_Vessels_Anatomy\" >8. Blood Vessels Anatomy<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Arteries\" >Arteries<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Veins\" >Veins<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Capillaries\" >Capillaries<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#9_Physiology_of_the_Heart\" >9. Physiology of the Heart<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Cardiac_Cycle\" >Cardiac Cycle<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Heart_Rate_HR\" >Heart Rate (HR)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Stroke_Volume_SV\" >Stroke Volume (SV)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Cardiac_Output_CO\" >Cardiac Output (CO)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#10_Blood_Pressure\" >10. Blood Pressure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#11_Regulation_of_Heart_Activity\" >11. Regulation of Heart Activity<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Neural_Control\" >Neural Control<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Hormonal_Control\" >Hormonal Control<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#12_Physiology_of_Blood_Circulation\" >12. Physiology of Blood Circulation<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Pulmonary_Circulation\" >Pulmonary Circulation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Systemic_Circulation\" >Systemic Circulation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Cardiovascular_Drugs_Pharmacology\" >Cardiovascular Drugs &amp; Pharmacology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#1_Introduction-2\" >1. Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#2_Antihypertensive_Drugs\" >2. Antihypertensive Drugs<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-42\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#A_Diuretics\" >A. Diuretics<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-43\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#B_Beta-Blockers_%CE%B2-blockers\" >B. Beta-Blockers (\u03b2-blockers)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-44\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#C_ACE_Inhibitors\" >C. ACE Inhibitors<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-45\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#D_ARBs\" >D. ARBs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-46\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#E_Calcium_Channel_Blockers_CCB\" >E. Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-47\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#3_Anti-Anginal_Drugs\" >3. Anti-Anginal Drugs<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-48\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#A_Nitrates\" >A. Nitrates<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-49\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#B_Beta-Blockers_CCBs\" >B. Beta-Blockers &amp; CCBs<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-50\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#4_Drugs_Used_in_Heart_Failure\" >4. Drugs Used in Heart Failure<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-51\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Digoxin\" >Digoxin<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-52\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#5_Anti-Arrhythmic_Drugs\" >5. Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-53\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Vaughan-Williams_Classification\" >Vaughan-Williams Classification<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-54\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#6_Anticoagulants\" >6. Anticoagulants<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-55\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#7_Antiplatelet_Drugs\" >7. Antiplatelet Drugs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-56\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#8_Thrombolytic_Fibrinolytic_Drugs\" >8. Thrombolytic (Fibrinolytic) Drugs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-57\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#9_Hypolipidemic_Drugs\" >9. Hypolipidemic Drugs<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-58\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Statins\" >Statins<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-59\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#10_Emergency_Cardiovascular_Drugs\" >10. Emergency Cardiovascular Drugs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-60\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Management_of_Hypertension_Hypotension\" >Management of Hypertension &amp; Hypotension<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-61\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Management_of_Hypertension_Hypotension-2\" >Management of Hypertension &amp; Hypotension<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-62\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#PART_A_MANAGEMENT_OF_HYPERTENSION\" >PART A: MANAGEMENT OF HYPERTENSION<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-63\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#1_Definition\" >1. Definition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-64\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#2_Goals_of_Management\" >2. Goals of Management<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-65\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#3_Non-Pharmacological_Management_Lifestyle_Modification\" >3. Non-Pharmacological Management (Lifestyle Modification)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-66\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#A_Diet\" >A. Diet<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-67\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#B_Weight_Control\" >B. Weight Control<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-68\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#C_Physical_Activity\" >C. Physical Activity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-69\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#D_Avoid_Risk_Factors\" >D. Avoid Risk Factors<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-70\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#4_Pharmacological_Management_of_Hypertension\" >4. Pharmacological Management of Hypertension<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-71\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#First-Line_Drugs\" >First-Line Drugs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-72\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Stepwise_Treatment\" >Stepwise Treatment<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-73\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Special_Situations\" >Special Situations<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-74\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#5_Management_of_Hypertensive_Emergency\" >5. Management of Hypertensive Emergency<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-75\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Drugs_Used_IV\" >Drugs Used (IV)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-76\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#PART_B_MANAGEMENT_OF_HYPOTENSION\" >PART B: MANAGEMENT OF HYPOTENSION<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-77\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#6_Definition\" >6. Definition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-78\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#7_Causes\" >7. Causes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-79\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#8_Goals_of_Management\" >8. Goals of Management<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-80\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#9_Non-Pharmacological_Management\" >9. Non-Pharmacological Management<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-81\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Immediate_Measures\" >Immediate Measures<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-82\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Fluid_Therapy\" >Fluid Therapy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-83\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#10_Pharmacological_Management_of_Hypotension\" >10. Pharmacological Management of Hypotension<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-84\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#11_Management_of_Orthostatic_Hypotension\" >11. Management of Orthostatic Hypotension<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-85\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#12_Monitoring_Nursing_Care\" >12. Monitoring &amp; Nursing Care<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-86\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#13_Comparison_Table_Exam_Favorite\" >13. Comparison Table (Exam Favorite)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-87\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Cardio_Conductive_System\" >Cardio Conductive System<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-88\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#1_Definition-2\" >1. Definition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-89\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#2_Components_of_the_Cardiac_Conductive_System\" >2. Components of the Cardiac Conductive System<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-90\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#1%EF%B8%8F%E2%83%A3_Sinoatrial_SA_Node\" >1\ufe0f\u20e3 Sinoatrial (SA) Node<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-91\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#2%EF%B8%8F%E2%83%A3_Internodal_Pathways\" >2\ufe0f\u20e3 Internodal Pathways<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-92\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#3%EF%B8%8F%E2%83%A3_Atrioventricular_AV_Node\" >3\ufe0f\u20e3 Atrioventricular (AV) Node<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-93\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#4%EF%B8%8F%E2%83%A3_Bundle_of_His_AV_Bundle\" >4\ufe0f\u20e3 Bundle of His (AV Bundle)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-94\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#5%EF%B8%8F%E2%83%A3_Right_Left_Bundle_Branches\" >5\ufe0f\u20e3 Right &amp; Left Bundle Branches<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-95\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#6%EF%B8%8F%E2%83%A3_Purkinje_Fibers\" >6\ufe0f\u20e3 Purkinje Fibers<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-96\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#3_Sequence_of_Electrical_Conduction_Flowchart\" >3. Sequence of Electrical Conduction (Flowchart)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-97\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#4_Blood_Supply_of_Conductive_System_Clinical_Point\" >4. Blood Supply of Conductive System (Clinical Point)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-98\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#5_Physiology_of_Cardiac_Conduction\" >5. Physiology of Cardiac Conduction<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-99\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Automaticity\" >Automaticity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-100\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Conductivity\" >Conductivity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-101\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Excitability\" >Excitability<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-102\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Contractility\" >Contractility<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-103\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#6_ECG_Correlation_Very_Important\" >6. ECG Correlation (Very Important)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-104\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#7_Clinical_Disorders_of_Conductive_System\" >7. Clinical Disorders of Conductive System<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-105\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Arrhythmias\" >Arrhythmias<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-106\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Heart_Blocks\" >Heart Blocks<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-107\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Heart_Block_Coronary_Conductive_Block\" >Heart Block (Coronary &amp; Conductive Block)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-108\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#1_Definition-3\" >1. Definition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-109\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#2_Causes_of_Heart_Block\" >2. Causes of Heart Block<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-110\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Common_Causes\" >Common Causes<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-111\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#3_Types_of_Heart_Block_Very_Important\" >3. Types of Heart Block (Very Important)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-112\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#A_Atrioventricular_AV_Block\" >A. Atrioventricular (AV) Block<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-113\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#4_First-Degree_AV_Block\" >4. First-Degree AV Block<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-114\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Definition\" >Definition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-115\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#ECG_Finding\" >ECG Finding<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-116\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Clinical_Features\" >Clinical Features<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-117\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Management\" >Management<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-118\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#5_Second-Degree_AV_Block\" >5. Second-Degree AV Block<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-119\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#a_Mobitz_Type_I_Wenckebach\" >(a) Mobitz Type I (Wenckebach)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-120\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#b_Mobitz_Type_II\" >(b) Mobitz Type II<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-121\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#6_Third-Degree_AV_Block_Complete_Heart_Block\" >6. Third-Degree AV Block (Complete Heart Block)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-122\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Definition-2\" >Definition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-123\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#ECG\" >ECG<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-124\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Symptoms\" >Symptoms<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-125\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Management-2\" >Management<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-126\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#7_Bundle_Branch_Block_BBB\" >7. Bundle Branch Block (BBB)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-127\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Types\" >Types<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-128\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#ECG_Clue\" >ECG Clue<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-129\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#Significance\" >Significance<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-130\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#8_Comparison_Table_Exam_Favorite\" >8. Comparison Table (Exam Favorite)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-131\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/post-diploma-training-in-cardiology-course\/#9_Nursing_Clinical_Management\" >9. Nursing &amp; Clinical Management<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Post_Diploma_Training_in_Cardiology_Course_Details\"><\/span>Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course Details<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Post Diploma Training in Cardiology. <strong>Mobile No: 01797-522136,01987-073965.Hotline:01969947171.<\/strong> Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Courses are PDT-Cardiology Course 6 Months, PDT-Cardiology Course 1 Year, PDT Cardiology Course  2 Years. 6 Months Course Fee 35,500\/-, 1 Years Course Fee 70,500\/-, 2 Years Course Fee 1,30,500\/-.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_20260125_112420-Copy-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Cardiology Course\n\" class=\"wp-image-3234\" style=\"aspect-ratio:0.7499961852445258;width:768px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_20260125_112420-Copy-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_20260125_112420-Copy-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_20260125_112420-Copy-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_20260125_112420-Copy.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Oplus_16778272<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Location_of_Post_Diploma_Training_in_Cardiology\"><\/span>Location of Post Diploma Training in Cardiology <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Post Diploma Training in . <strong>Mobile Number.01987073965.01797522136<\/strong>,<strong>HotLine-01969947171<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"688\">HRTD Medical Institute<\/a> , Abdul Ali Madbor Mention, Section-6, Block-Kha, Road-1, Plot-11, Mirpur-10 (Gol-Chattar) Metro Rail Pilar NO-249, Dhaka-1216. It is situated by the West Side of Agrani Bank, the South Side of Fire Service, Islami Bank, Janata Bank, Social Islami Bank, Medinova, Ibrahim Diabetic Hospital, the North Side of Baitul Mamur Jame Mosjid, Grave of Baitul Mamur Jame Mosjid, and East Side of Maliha Apartment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hostel_Facilities_in_HRTD_Medical_Institute\"><\/span>Hostel Facilities in HRTD Medical Institute<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hostel &amp; Meal Facilities<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Institute has hostel facilities for the students. Students can take a bed&nbsp;in the hostel.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hostel Fee&nbsp;Tk 3000\/- Per Month<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Meal Charges&nbsp;Tk 3000\/- Per Month. ( Approximately )<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u09b9\u09cb\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b2 \u0993 \u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09be<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0987\u09a8\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u0989\u099f\u09c7 \u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b9\u09cb\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09b2 \u09b8\u09c1\u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09be \u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u099b\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09cb\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u099b\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u09b9\u09cb\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09b2 \u09ab\u09bf&nbsp;3000\/- \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u09ae\u09be\u09b8\u09c7,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c&nbsp;3000\/- \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u09ae\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u0964(\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Course_Fee_for_Post_Diploma_Training_in_Cardiology_Course_6_Months\"><\/span>Course Fee for Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course 6 Months<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Course Fee for Post Diploma Training in Cardiology 6 Months at HRTD Medical Institute. Admission Fee=15,500\/-,Monthly Fee 3000&#215;6=18,000\/-,Exam Fee=2000, Total Course Fee=35,500\/-.This Course Contains 4 Subjects .Exam Mark 400.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Course_Fee_for_Post_Diploma_Training_in_Cardiology_Course_1_Year\"><\/span>Course Fee for Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course 1 Year<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Course Fee for Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course 1 Year at HRTD Medical Institute. Admission Fee=20,500\/-,Monthly Fee 3500&#215;12=42,000\/-,Exam Fee=4000&#215;2=8000, Total Course Fee=70,500\/-.This Course Contains 8 Subjects .Exam Mark 800.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Course_Fee_for_Post_Diploma_Training_in_Cardiology_Course_2_Years\"><\/span>Course Fee for Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course 2 Years<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Course Fee for Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course 2 Years at HRTD Medical Institute. Admission Fee=30,500\/-,Monthly Fee 3500 x 24=84,000\/-,Exam Fee=4000&#215;4=16,000, Total Course. Fee=1,30,500\/-.This Course Contains 16 Subjects .Exam Mark 1600.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Subjects_for_Post_Diploma_Training_in_Cardiology_Course_6_Months\"><\/span>Subjects for Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course 6 Months<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"690\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-1.png\" alt=\"Cardiology Course\" class=\"wp-image-4104\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.4840989399293287;width:439px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-1.png 1024w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-1-300x202.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-1-768x518.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-1-110x75.png 110w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>This 6 Months Course contains 4 subjects. Mobile No: 01987073965.01797522136,<strong>HotLine-01969947171<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cardiovascular Anatomy &amp; Physiology<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cardiovascular Drugs &amp; Pharmacology<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Management of Hypertension &amp; Hypotension<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Coronary circulation &amp; Conductive system<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Subjects_for_Post_Diploma_Training_in_Cardiology_Course_1_Year\"><\/span>Subjects for Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course 1 Year<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This 1 Year Course contains 8 subjects. Mobile No: 01987073965.01797522136,<strong>HotLine-01969947171<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1st Semester<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cardiovascular Anatomy &amp; Physiology<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cardiovascular Drugs &amp; Pharmacology<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Management of Hypertension &amp; Hypotension<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Coronary circulation &amp; Conductive system<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>2nd Semester<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Heart Block (Coronary &amp; Conductive Block)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cardiac Arrhythmias &amp; Corrections<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ECG for Medical Practice<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cardiovascular Disease &amp; Treatment<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Subjects_for_Post_Diploma_Training_in_Cardiology_Course_2_Years\"><\/span>Subjects for Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course 2 Years<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This 2 Year Course contains 16 subjects. Mobile No: 01987073965.01797522136,<strong>HotLine-01969947171<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1st Semester<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cardiovascular Anatomy &amp; Physiology<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cardiovascular Drugs &amp; Pharmacology<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Management of Hypertension &amp; Hypotension<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Coronary circulation &amp; Conductive system<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>2nd Semester<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Heart Block (Coronary &amp; Conductive Block)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cardiac Arrhythmias &amp; Corrections<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ECG for Medical Practice<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cardiovascular Disease &amp; Treatment<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>3rd Semester<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4th Semester<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Some_Subjects_Details_for_Post_Diploma_Training_in_Cardiology_Course_Given_Below\"><\/span>Some Subjects Details for Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course Given Below<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/474560110_122201842250220801_8830970859452793843_n-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3222\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/474560110_122201842250220801_8830970859452793843_n-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/474560110_122201842250220801_8830970859452793843_n-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/474560110_122201842250220801_8830970859452793843_n-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/474560110_122201842250220801_8830970859452793843_n.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cardiovascular_Anatomy_Physiology\"><\/span>Cardiovascular Anatomy &amp; Physiology<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Introduction\"><\/span>1. Introduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>cardiovascular system<\/strong> is responsible for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Transport of <strong>oxygen, nutrients, hormones<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Removal of <strong>carbon dioxide &amp; metabolic waste<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Regulation of <strong>body temperature, pH, and fluid balance<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Main_Components\"><\/span>Main Components<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Heart<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Blood vessels<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Arteries<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Veins<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Capillaries<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Blood<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Anatomy_of_the_Heart\"><\/span>2. Anatomy of the Heart<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Location\"><\/span>Location<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Middle mediastinum of thoracic cavity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Between lungs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Apex points left at <strong>5th intercostal space<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Size_Shape\"><\/span>Size &amp; Shape<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Roughly the size of a <strong>closed fist<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cone-shaped muscular organ<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Layers_of_the_Heart_Wall\"><\/span>3. Layers of the Heart Wall<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Layer<\/th><th>Description<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Epicardium<\/strong><\/td><td>Outer protective layer<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Myocardium<\/strong><\/td><td>Thick muscular layer (contracts)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Endocardium<\/strong><\/td><td>Inner lining, smooth surface<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Chambers_of_the_Heart\"><\/span>4. Chambers of the Heart<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Chamber<\/th><th>Function<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Right Atrium (RA)<\/strong><\/td><td>Receives deoxygenated blood from body<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Right Ventricle (RV)<\/strong><\/td><td>Pumps blood to lungs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Left Atrium (LA)<\/strong><\/td><td>Receives oxygenated blood from lungs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Left Ventricle (LV)<\/strong><\/td><td>Pumps blood to whole body<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 <strong>Left ventricle<\/strong> has the thickest wall (highest pressure).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Heart_Valves\"><\/span>5. Heart Valves<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Valve<\/th><th>Location<\/th><th>Function<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Tricuspid<\/strong><\/td><td>RA \u2192 RV<\/td><td>Prevents backflow<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Pulmonary<\/strong><\/td><td>RV \u2192 Pulmonary artery<\/td><td>Prevents backflow<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Mitral (Bicuspid)<\/strong><\/td><td>LA \u2192 LV<\/td><td>Prevents backflow<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Aortic<\/strong><\/td><td>LV \u2192 Aorta<\/td><td>Prevents backflow<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Blood_Supply_of_the_Heart_Coronary_Circulation\"><\/span>6. Blood Supply of the Heart (Coronary Circulation)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Coronary_Arteries\"><\/span>Coronary Arteries<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Right Coronary Artery (RCA)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Left Coronary Artery (LCA)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Left Anterior Descending (LAD)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Circumflex (LCX)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u26a0\ufe0f Blockage \u2192 <strong>Ischemic heart disease \/ MI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Conducting_System_of_the_Heart\"><\/span>7. Conducting System of the Heart<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Structure<\/th><th>Function<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>SA node<\/strong><\/td><td>Natural pacemaker<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>AV node<\/strong><\/td><td>Delays impulse<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Bundle of His<\/strong><\/td><td>Conducts impulse<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Purkinje fibers<\/strong><\/td><td>Ventricular contraction<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Blood_Vessels_Anatomy\"><\/span>8. Blood Vessels Anatomy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Arteries\"><\/span>Arteries<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Thick, elastic walls<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Carry blood <strong>away<\/strong> from heart<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Veins\"><\/span>Veins<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Thin walls, valves present<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Carry blood <strong>toward<\/strong> heart<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Capillaries\"><\/span>Capillaries<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>One-cell thick<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Exchange of gases &amp; nutrients<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9_Physiology_of_the_Heart\"><\/span>9. Physiology of the Heart<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cardiac_Cycle\"><\/span>Cardiac Cycle<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Two phases:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Systole<\/strong> \u2013 contraction<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Diastole<\/strong> \u2013 relaxation<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Heart_Rate_HR\"><\/span>Heart Rate (HR)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Normal adult: <strong>60\u2013100 beats\/min<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Stroke_Volume_SV\"><\/span>Stroke Volume (SV)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Blood pumped per beat \u2248 <strong>70 mL<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cardiac_Output_CO\"><\/span>Cardiac Output (CO)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"block\"><semantics><mrow><mi>C<\/mi><mi>O<\/mi><mo>=<\/mo><mi>H<\/mi><mi>R<\/mi><mo>\u00d7<\/mo><mi>S<\/mi><mi>V<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">CO = HR \u00d7 SV<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>CO=HR\u00d7SV<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Normal \u2248 <strong>5 L\/min<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10_Blood_Pressure\"><\/span>10. Blood Pressure<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Type<\/th><th>Normal Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Systolic<\/td><td>120 mmHg<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Diastolic<\/td><td>80 mmHg<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Controlled by:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cardiac output<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Peripheral resistance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Blood volume<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"11_Regulation_of_Heart_Activity\"><\/span>11. Regulation of Heart Activity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Neural_Control\"><\/span>Neural Control<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Sympathetic<\/strong> \u2192 increases HR &amp; force<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Parasympathetic (Vagus)<\/strong> \u2192 decreases HR<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hormonal_Control\"><\/span>Hormonal Control<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Adrenaline<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Noradrenaline<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thyroxine<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"12_Physiology_of_Blood_Circulation\"><\/span>12. Physiology of Blood Circulation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pulmonary_Circulation\"><\/span>Pulmonary Circulation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Heart \u2192 Lungs \u2192 Heart<br>(Oxygenation of blood)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Systemic_Circulation\"><\/span>Systemic Circulation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Heart \u2192 Body \u2192 Heart<br>(Nutrient &amp; oxygen delivery)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cardiovascular_Drugs_Pharmacology\"><\/span>Cardiovascular Drugs &amp; Pharmacology<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Introduction-2\"><\/span>1. Introduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cardiovascular drugs<\/strong> are medicines used to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Treat <strong>heart diseases<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Control <strong>blood pressure<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Manage <strong>heart rhythm<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Improve <strong>cardiac output<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prevent <strong>thrombosis<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Antihypertensive_Drugs\"><\/span>2. Antihypertensive Drugs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Diuretics\"><\/span>A. Diuretics<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mechanism:<\/strong> Increase urine output \u2192 \u2193 blood volume \u2192 \u2193 BP<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Drug<\/th><th>Example<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Thiazide<\/td><td>Hydrochlorothiazide<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Loop<\/td><td>Furosemide<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>K\u207a sparing<\/td><td>Spironolactone<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Uses:<\/strong> Hypertension, heart failure<br><strong>Side effects:<\/strong> Electrolyte imbalance<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B_Beta-Blockers_%CE%B2-blockers\"><\/span>B. Beta-Blockers (\u03b2-blockers)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mechanism:<\/strong> \u2193 Heart rate &amp; contractility<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Drug<\/th><th>Selectivity<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Propranolol<\/td><td>Non-selective<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Atenolol<\/td><td>\u03b21-selective<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Metoprolol<\/td><td>\u03b21-selective<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Uses:<\/strong> HTN, angina, arrhythmia, MI<br><strong>Side effects:<\/strong> Bradycardia, fatigue<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"C_ACE_Inhibitors\"><\/span>C. ACE Inhibitors<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mechanism:<\/strong> Block Angiotensin-II \u2192 Vasodilation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Drug<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Enalapril<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Captopril<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lisinopril<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Uses:<\/strong> HTN, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy<br><strong>Side effects:<\/strong> Dry cough, hyperkalemia<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"D_ARBs\"><\/span>D. ARBs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mechanism:<\/strong> Block Angiotensin-II receptors<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Drug<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Losartan<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Valsartan<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Advantage:<\/strong> No cough<br><strong>Uses:<\/strong> Same as ACE inhibitors<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"E_Calcium_Channel_Blockers_CCB\"><\/span>E. Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mechanism:<\/strong> \u2193 Ca\u00b2\u207a entry \u2192 vasodilation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Drug<\/th><th>Type<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Amlodipine<\/td><td>Dihydropyridine<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Verapamil<\/td><td>Non-DHP<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Diltiazem<\/td><td>Non-DHP<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Uses:<\/strong> HTN, angina, arrhythmia<br><strong>Side effects:<\/strong> Edema, constipation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Anti-Anginal_Drugs\"><\/span>3. Anti-Anginal Drugs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Nitrates\"><\/span>A. Nitrates<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mechanism:<\/strong> Venodilation \u2192 \u2193 preload<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Drug<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Nitroglycerin<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Isosorbide dinitrate<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Uses:<\/strong> Angina pectoris<br><strong>Side effects:<\/strong> Headache, hypotension<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B_Beta-Blockers_CCBs\"><\/span>B. Beta-Blockers &amp; CCBs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Reduce myocardial oxygen demand<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Drugs_Used_in_Heart_Failure\"><\/span>4. Drugs Used in Heart Failure<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Drug Class<\/th><th>Example<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Diuretics<\/td><td>Furosemide<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ACE inhibitors<\/td><td>Enalapril<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Beta-blockers<\/td><td>Carvedilol<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cardiac glycosides<\/td><td>Digoxin<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Digoxin\"><\/span>Digoxin<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mechanism:<\/strong> \u2191 Force of contraction<br><strong>Uses:<\/strong> Heart failure, AF<br><strong>Toxicity:<\/strong> Nausea, arrhythmia<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Anti-Arrhythmic_Drugs\"><\/span>5. Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vaughan-Williams_Classification\"><\/span>Vaughan-Williams Classification<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Class<\/th><th>Drug<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Class I<\/td><td>Lidocaine<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Class II<\/td><td>Beta-blockers<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Class III<\/td><td>Amiodarone<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Class IV<\/td><td>Verapamil<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Uses:<\/strong> Atrial &amp; ventricular arrhythmias<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Anticoagulants\"><\/span>6. Anticoagulants<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Drug<\/th><th>Use<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Heparin<\/td><td>Acute thrombosis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Warfarin<\/td><td>Long-term prevention<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dabigatran<\/td><td>Oral anticoagulant<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Side effect:<\/strong> Bleeding<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Antiplatelet_Drugs\"><\/span>7. Antiplatelet Drugs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Drug<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Aspirin<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Clopidogrel<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Uses:<\/strong> MI, stroke prevention<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Thrombolytic_Fibrinolytic_Drugs\"><\/span>8. Thrombolytic (Fibrinolytic) Drugs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Drug<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Streptokinase<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Alteplase<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Uses:<\/strong> Acute MI, PE<br><strong>Risk:<\/strong> Severe bleeding<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9_Hypolipidemic_Drugs\"><\/span>9. Hypolipidemic Drugs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Statins\"><\/span>Statins<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mechanism:<\/strong> \u2193 LDL cholesterol<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Drug<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Atorvastatin<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Rosuvastatin<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Uses:<\/strong> Prevention of atherosclerosis<br><strong>Side effects:<\/strong> Muscle pain, liver injury<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10_Emergency_Cardiovascular_Drugs\"><\/span>10. Emergency Cardiovascular Drugs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Drug<\/th><th>Use<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Adrenaline<\/td><td>Cardiac arrest<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Atropine<\/td><td>Bradycardia<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dopamine<\/td><td>Shock<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Management_of_Hypertension_Hypotension\"><\/span>Management of Hypertension &amp; Hypotension<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Management_of_Hypertension_Hypotension-2\"><\/span>Management of Hypertension &amp; Hypotension<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"PART_A_MANAGEMENT_OF_HYPERTENSION\"><\/span>PART A: MANAGEMENT OF HYPERTENSION<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Definition\"><\/span>1. Definition<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hypertension (HTN)<\/strong><br>Persistent blood pressure \u2265 <strong>140\/90 mmHg<\/strong> (on repeated measurements).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Goals_of_Management\"><\/span>2. Goals of Management<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Reduce <strong>blood pressure<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prevent <strong>target organ damage<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reduce risk of <strong>stroke, MI, kidney failure<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Non-Pharmacological_Management_Lifestyle_Modification\"><\/span>3. Non-Pharmacological Management (Lifestyle Modification)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Diet\"><\/span>A. Diet<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Low-salt diet<\/strong> (&lt;5 g\/day)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>DASH diet (fruits, vegetables, low fat)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reduce saturated fat<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B_Weight_Control\"><\/span>B. Weight Control<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>BMI &lt; 25 kg\/m\u00b2<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"C_Physical_Activity\"><\/span>C. Physical Activity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Brisk walking <strong>30\u201345 min\/day<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"D_Avoid_Risk_Factors\"><\/span>D. Avoid Risk Factors<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Stop smoking<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Limit alcohol<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stress management<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Pharmacological_Management_of_Hypertension\"><\/span>4. Pharmacological Management of Hypertension<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"First-Line_Drugs\"><\/span>First-Line Drugs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Drug Class<\/th><th>Examples<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Diuretics<\/td><td>Hydrochlorothiazide<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ACE inhibitors<\/td><td>Enalapril<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ARBs<\/td><td>Losartan<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Calcium channel blockers<\/td><td>Amlodipine<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Beta-blockers<\/td><td>Atenolol<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Stepwise_Treatment\"><\/span>Stepwise Treatment<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Start with <strong>single drug<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Increase dose if BP not controlled<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Combine <strong>2\u20133 drugs<\/strong> if needed<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Special_Situations\"><\/span>Special Situations<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Condition<\/th><th>Preferred Drug<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Diabetes<\/td><td>ACEI \/ ARB<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Heart failure<\/td><td>ACEI + Diuretic<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pregnancy<\/td><td>Methyldopa<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Elderly<\/td><td>CCB \/ Diuretic<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Management_of_Hypertensive_Emergency\"><\/span>5. Management of Hypertensive Emergency<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>BP \u2265 180\/120 mmHg + organ damage<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Drugs_Used_IV\"><\/span>Drugs Used (IV)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Nitroglycerin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Labetalol<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sodium nitroprusside<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u26a0\ufe0f BP should be reduced <strong>gradually<\/strong>, not suddenly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"PART_B_MANAGEMENT_OF_HYPOTENSION\"><\/span>PART B: MANAGEMENT OF HYPOTENSION<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Definition\"><\/span>6. Definition<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hypotension<\/strong><br>Systolic BP &lt; <strong>90 mmHg<\/strong> or symptomatic low BP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Causes\"><\/span>7. Causes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dehydration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Blood loss<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Shock<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Heart failure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Drugs (antihypertensives)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Goals_of_Management\"><\/span>8. Goals of Management<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Restore <strong>blood pressure<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maintain <strong>organ perfusion<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Treat underlying cause<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9_Non-Pharmacological_Management\"><\/span>9. Non-Pharmacological Management<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Immediate_Measures\"><\/span>Immediate Measures<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lay patient <strong>supine<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Elevate legs (Trendelenburg position)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ensure airway &amp; oxygen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Fluid_Therapy\"><\/span>Fluid Therapy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Oral fluids (mild cases)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>IV normal saline \/ Ringer\u2019s lactate<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10_Pharmacological_Management_of_Hypotension\"><\/span>10. Pharmacological Management of Hypotension<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Drug<\/th><th>Use<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Dopamine<\/td><td>Shock<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Noradrenaline<\/td><td>Severe hypotension<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Adrenaline<\/td><td>Cardiac arrest<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Midodrine<\/td><td>Chronic hypotension<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"11_Management_of_Orthostatic_Hypotension\"><\/span>11. Management of Orthostatic Hypotension<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Slow position change<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Adequate hydration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compression stockings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fludrocortisone (if needed)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"12_Monitoring_Nursing_Care\"><\/span>12. Monitoring &amp; Nursing Care<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Regular BP monitoring<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Intake\u2013output chart<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Electrolyte balance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Patient education<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"13_Comparison_Table_Exam_Favorite\"><\/span>13. Comparison Table (Exam Favorite)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Feature<\/th><th>Hypertension<\/th><th>Hypotension<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>BP<\/td><td>High<\/td><td>Low<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Main risk<\/td><td>Stroke, MI<\/td><td>Shock, syncope<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Treatment<\/td><td>BP lowering drugs<\/td><td>Fluids &amp; vasopressors<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cardio_Conductive_System\"><\/span>Cardio Conductive System <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Definition-2\"><\/span>1. Definition<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>cardiac conductive system<\/strong> is a specialized network of muscle fibers that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Generates electrical impulses<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Conducts impulses<\/strong> through the heart<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Produces <strong>coordinated atrial and ventricular contraction<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Components_of_the_Cardiac_Conductive_System\"><\/span>2. Components of the Cardiac Conductive System<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1%EF%B8%8F%E2%83%A3_Sinoatrial_SA_Node\"><\/span>1\ufe0f\u20e3 Sinoatrial (SA) Node<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Location:<\/strong> Right atrium, near opening of superior vena cava<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Function:<\/strong> Natural pacemaker of the heart<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rate:<\/strong> 60\u2013100 impulses\/min<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2705 Initiates each heartbeat<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2%EF%B8%8F%E2%83%A3_Internodal_Pathways\"><\/span>2\ufe0f\u20e3 Internodal Pathways<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Carry impulse from <strong>SA node \u2192 AV node<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Include anterior, middle, and posterior tracts<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3%EF%B8%8F%E2%83%A3_Atrioventricular_AV_Node\"><\/span>3\ufe0f\u20e3 Atrioventricular (AV) Node<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Location:<\/strong> Interatrial septum, near tricuspid valve<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Function:<\/strong> Delays impulse (~0.1 sec)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rate:<\/strong> 40\u201360 impulses\/min<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2705 Allows ventricles to fill before contraction<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4%EF%B8%8F%E2%83%A3_Bundle_of_His_AV_Bundle\"><\/span>4\ufe0f\u20e3 Bundle of His (AV Bundle)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Connects atria and ventricles<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Only normal electrical connection between them<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5%EF%B8%8F%E2%83%A3_Right_Left_Bundle_Branches\"><\/span>5\ufe0f\u20e3 Right &amp; Left Bundle Branches<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Run along interventricular septum<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Left bundle divides into anterior &amp; posterior fascicles<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6%EF%B8%8F%E2%83%A3_Purkinje_Fibers\"><\/span>6\ufe0f\u20e3 Purkinje Fibers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Spread throughout ventricular myocardium<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rate:<\/strong> 15\u201340 impulses\/min<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cause <strong>rapid, powerful ventricular contraction<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Sequence_of_Electrical_Conduction_Flowchart\"><\/span>3. Sequence of Electrical Conduction (Flowchart)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>SA node \u2192 Atria \u2192 AV node \u2192 Bundle of His \u2192 Bundle branches \u2192 Purkinje fibers \u2192 Ventricles<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Blood_Supply_of_Conductive_System_Clinical_Point\"><\/span>4. Blood Supply of Conductive System (Clinical Point)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Structure<\/th><th>Blood Supply<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>SA node<\/td><td>Right coronary artery (60%)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>AV node<\/td><td>Right coronary artery<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bundle branches<\/td><td>LAD artery<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Physiology_of_Cardiac_Conduction\"><\/span>5. Physiology of Cardiac Conduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Automaticity\"><\/span>Automaticity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ability to generate impulse spontaneously<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conductivity\"><\/span>Conductivity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ability to transmit impulse<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Excitability\"><\/span>Excitability<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ability to respond to stimulus<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Contractility\"><\/span>Contractility<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ability to contract<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_ECG_Correlation_Very_Important\"><\/span>6. ECG Correlation (Very Important)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>ECG Wave<\/th><th>Event<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>P wave<\/td><td>Atrial depolarization<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PR interval<\/td><td>AV nodal delay<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>QRS complex<\/td><td>Ventricular depolarization<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>T wave<\/td><td>Ventricular repolarization<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Clinical_Disorders_of_Conductive_System\"><\/span>7. Clinical Disorders of Conductive System<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Arrhythmias\"><\/span>Arrhythmias<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bradycardia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tachycardia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Atrial fibrillation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Heart_Blocks\"><\/span>Heart Blocks<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Type<\/th><th>Problem<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1st degree<\/td><td>Prolonged PR<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2nd degree<\/td><td>Dropped beats<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3rd degree<\/td><td>Complete block<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Heart_Block_Coronary_Conductive_Block\"><\/span>Heart Block (Coronary &amp; Conductive Block)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Definition-3\"><\/span>1. Definition<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Heart block<\/strong> is a disorder of the cardiac conduction system where <strong>electrical impulse conduction is delayed or completely blocked<\/strong>, usually at the <strong>AV node or bundle branches<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Causes_of_Heart_Block\"><\/span>2. Causes of Heart Block<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Common_Causes\"><\/span>Common Causes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ischemic heart disease \/ MI<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Degenerative changes (elderly)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Drugs (\u03b2-blockers, digoxin, CCBs)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Electrolyte imbalance (\u2191 K\u207a)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Congenital heart disease<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Myocarditis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Types_of_Heart_Block_Very_Important\"><\/span>3. Types of Heart Block (Very Important)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Atrioventricular_AV_Block\"><\/span>A. Atrioventricular (AV) Block<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>First-degree AV block<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Second-degree AV block<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Mobitz type I (Wenckebach)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mobitz type II<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Third-degree AV block (Complete block)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_First-Degree_AV_Block\"><\/span>4. First-Degree AV Block<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Definition\"><\/span>Definition<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Delayed conduction<\/strong> through AV node<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>All impulses reach ventricles<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ECG_Finding\"><\/span>ECG Finding<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>PR interval &gt; 0.20 sec<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Every P wave followed by QRS<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Clinical_Features\"><\/span>Clinical Features<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Usually <strong>asymptomatic<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Management\"><\/span>Management<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>No treatment required<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Observe &amp; remove offending drugs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Second-Degree_AV_Block\"><\/span>5. Second-Degree AV Block<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"a_Mobitz_Type_I_Wenckebach\"><\/span>(a) Mobitz Type I (Wenckebach)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mechanism:<\/strong> Progressive AV nodal delay<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>ECG<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>PR interval <strong>gradually lengthens<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Eventually <strong>one QRS is dropped<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Symptoms<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Mild dizziness<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Often asymptomatic<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Management<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Usually benign<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Atropine if symptomatic<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"b_Mobitz_Type_II\"><\/span>(b) Mobitz Type II<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mechanism:<\/strong> Sudden conduction failure below AV node<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>ECG<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Fixed PR interval<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sudden dropped QRS<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u26a0\ufe0f More dangerous than type I<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Symptoms<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Syncope<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Severe bradycardia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Management<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Permanent <strong>pacemaker<\/strong> required<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Third-Degree_AV_Block_Complete_Heart_Block\"><\/span>6. Third-Degree AV Block (Complete Heart Block)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Definition-2\"><\/span>Definition<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>No impulse conduction<\/strong> from atria to ventricles<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Atria and ventricles beat independently<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ECG\"><\/span>ECG<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>P waves &amp; QRS complexes <strong>completely dissociated<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ventricular rate very slow<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Symptoms\"><\/span>Symptoms<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Severe bradycardia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dizziness<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Syncope (Stokes-Adams attack)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Heart failure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Management-2\"><\/span>Management<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Emergency: Atropine \/ temporary pacing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Definitive: <strong>Permanent pacemaker<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Bundle_Branch_Block_BBB\"><\/span>7. Bundle Branch Block (BBB)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types\"><\/span>Types<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ECG_Clue\"><\/span>ECG Clue<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Wide QRS complex (&gt;0.12 sec)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Significance\"><\/span>Significance<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>LBBB often indicates <strong>serious heart disease<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Comparison_Table_Exam_Favorite\"><\/span>8. Comparison Table (Exam Favorite)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Feature<\/th><th>1st Degree<\/th><th>2nd Degree<\/th><th>3rd Degree<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>PR interval<\/td><td>Prolonged<\/td><td>Variable<\/td><td>No relation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dropped beats<\/td><td>No<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Complete<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Severity<\/td><td>Mild<\/td><td>Moderate<\/td><td>Severe<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pacemaker<\/td><td>No<\/td><td>Sometimes<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9_Nursing_Clinical_Management\"><\/span>9. Nursing &amp; Clinical Management<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Monitor ECG &amp; heart rate<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Observe for syncope<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maintain airway &amp; oxygen<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prepare for pacemaker if needed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Course Details Post Diploma Training in Cardiology. Mobile No: 01797-522136,01987-073965.Hotline:01969947171. Post Diploma Training in Cardiology Courses are PDT-Cardiology Course 6 Months, PDT-Cardiology Course 1 Year, PDT Cardiology Course 2 Years. 6 Months Course Fee 35,500\/-, 1 Years Course Fee 70,500\/-, 2 Years Course Fee 1,30,500\/-. Oplus_16778272 Location of Post Diploma &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3189","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","","category-cardiology"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3189","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3189"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3189\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4126,"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3189\/revisions\/4126"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3189"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3189"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.hrtdmi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3189"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}